含碳肥料与碳营养的探讨研究

碳是植物必需的营养元素,但土壤和部分肥料中有效碳含量很低,制约了作物高产和优质。介绍了碳元素的营养功能和碳营养现状,定义了含碳肥料的概念,分类讨论了有机含碳肥料、无机含碳肥料和含碳微生物肥料,并对碳营养的概念进行了探讨。     

运动饮料在运动营养中的作用的研究进展

对运动饮料的定义、各类主要营养素在运动营养中的作用及其应用做一综述。     

A review of childhood and adolescent obesity interventions

Obesity is one of the largest health problems facing Americans. Figures produced by the National Center for Health Statistics show that in 1999-2002, 15.8% of 6-11-year-olds were overweight as were 16.1% of adolescents aged 12-19. Some have proposed that interventions in childhood may be the best place to focus efforts to reduce the growing obesity epidemic. This paper examines several of the popular intervention strategies that have been proposed for youth and assesses the potential of these interventions for meaningful public health impacts. Findings show that most childhood obesity interventions completed to date produced only meager results, creating need for more well-designed studies that are tailored to the needs of specific age, ethnic and economic groups.     

The effects of early weaning on innate immune responses of Holstein calves

The objectives of this study were to compare innate immune responses of calves weaned early (EW; n = 23; weaned at 23.7 ± 2.3 d of age) with those of conventionally weaned calves (CW; n = 22; weaned at 44.7 ± 2.3 d of age). All calves were fed 3.8 L of colostrum within 12 h of birth and were subsequently fed milk replacer twice daily. The weaning process began by withdrawal of the afternoon milk-replacer feeding. Milk was fully withdrawn, and the calf was considered completely weaned when it consumed 900 g of calf starter as-fed for 2 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from all calves at 24, 27, 31, 45, 48, 52, and 66 ± 2.3 d of age. Early weaned calves took a variable amount of time to completely wean from milk replacer; therefore, data were also analyzed by comparing calves grouped by latency to completely weaned (fast = 1 to 5 d; intermediate = 6 to 8 d; slow = 15 to 17 d). Slow-EW calves weighed less than either the fast- or intermediate-EW calves before initiating weaning. At 27 d of age, circulating neutrophils were greater among EW calves than CW calves. Moreover, fast-EW calves had lower neutrophil:mononuclear cell ratios at 45 d of age than other EW calves. Slow-EW calves had lower TNF-α concentrations from whole blood stimulated with endotoxin at 27 and 31 d of age compared with fast- and intermediate-EW calves. All EW calves had decreased neutrophil L-selectin at d 27 and increased neutrophil L-selectin at 31 d of age. At 31 d of age, neutrophil β₂-integrin was the greatest among the fast-EW calves. All EW calves had decreased neutrophil oxidative burst at 27 and 31 d of age. Three days after CW calves were weaned they had higher neutrophils, hematocrit percentages, and circulating cortisol than EW calves. In addition, 3 d after CW calves were weaned they had decreased neutrophil oxidative burst responses to Escherichia coli. Weaning, irrespective of age, suppressed many innate immune responses. In addition, early weaning transiently suppressed L-selectin expression on neutrophils; however, the immunological significance in the context of the resistance to disease is unknown because EW calves likely had greater protection from passively derived immunoglobulins when they were weaned. Finally, calves with lower BW around 24 d of age may not be suitable for early weaning programs as evident in the suppressed secretion of TNF-α from whole blood cultures during the week following the initiation of weaning.     

果蔬粒豆腐与传统豆腐比较研究

对果蔬粒豆腐和传统豆腐进行了比较研究。其结果表明:由于果蔬中含有大量的维生素和纤维素,弥补了单纯黄豆豆腐的不足,其营养价值有很大提高。     

Italian ryegrass silage in winter feeding of organic dairy cows: forage intake, milk yield and composition

BACKGROUND: Organic milk production aims at efficient use of home‐grown feeds, especially forages, to minimise the quantity of purchased feeds. In conventional agriculture, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is known for its high energy content and palatability, and the aim of the present study was to examine its suitability as feed for organic dairy cows. Therefore a feeding trial was conducted comparing a diet including 50% (of silage dry matter (DM)) of Italian ryegrass silage with a control diet based on grass/clover silage (a mixture of the second cut from permanent grassland and the second cut from a perennial clovergrass ley) alone. RESULTS: Inclusion of Italian ryegrass silage in the diet increased forage intake significantly (14.5 vs 13.4 kg DM in the control group) and concentrate intake did not differ, but milk yield was slightly lower (20.3 vs 21.0 kg) owing to the low energy and protein concentration of Italian ryegrass silage. CONCLUSION: Italian ryegrass was indeed found to be highly palatable, confirming in principle its suitability as feed for organic dairy cows. However, higher energy and protein concentrations in this forage would be necessary to translate the high intakes of Italian ryegrass silage into improved milk production as well. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

元阳红米麸皮、精米、糙米、留胚米中营养成分及花色苷含量分析

本文研究了云南元阳红米麸皮、糙米、精米、及留胚米中营养成分及花色苷的含量。采用国标法及高效液相法测定样品中的各类成分含量。发现麸皮中粗脂肪(13.96±0.31%),粗蛋白(12.74±0.21%),灰分(7.13±0.03%),花色苷(198.62±5.02μg/g),钙元素(1132.09±21.2μg/g),镁元素(7530.89±151.63μg/g),铁元素(80.13±0.43μg/g)等金属元素,总氨基酸含量(90.03±0.98μg/g),呈味氨基酸含量(44.562±0.38μg/g),必需氨基酸含量(41.64±36μg/g)及其17种各类氨基酸含量,均高于其他样本中的含量。随着加工的深入,除淀粉含量外,其他营养物质及花色苷的含量逐步减少;最终精米中粗淀粉含量可达(84.87±2.34%)。此外发现,留胚米可以保留住各类营养素,与糙米的指标最为接近。通过研究,发现麸皮中含量较多的蛋白质、红米色素及矿物质,为后期的麸皮深加工提供了理论支持,为元阳当地的麸皮利用提供了新的方向。     

双轮驱动创新提升未来食品安全与健康内涵

食品产业是国民经济支柱产业,以食品安全、风味、营养与健康为导向的多元化发展是食品产业创新发展的重要趋势。介绍了我国食品产业发展的基本概况,分析了我国食品产业存在的主要问题。重点提出未来我国食品产业要坚定地走科学“三减”与健康内涵“N加”的双轮驱动之路,强调“双轮驱动”是实现我国食品产业健康转型的关键。对我国食品安全与健康的新内涵进行了展望,表明食品安全是健康的基本保障,“风味、健康双导向”是食品产业的发展趋势。提出食品界要积极推动实施“藏粮于食”“藏食于民”工程,借助学科交叉融合优势,以科技创新进一步提升食品的科学内涵。     

萌动青稞的研究进展

萌动谷物的研究越来越受到广大学者的关注,特别是萌动青稞。萌动青稞是一种新型的功能性食品,因其具有良好的口感和较高的营养价值而受到人们的喜爱。通过比较青稞萌动前后营养成分的变化、萌动后青稞的生理功效,以及国内外萌动青稞产品的研发现状,综述了国内外萌动青稞研究进展,为我国萌动青稞的开发与利用提供参考。     

不同干燥方式对发芽糙米品质的影响

以香粳99为原料发芽制得发芽糙米,研究了日光干燥、普通热风干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥对其主要营养成分、加工性能指标及色泽的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥对发芽糙米品质影响最小,其次是微波干燥和普通热风干燥。