Microscopic and Macroscopic Growth Rates of Fatigue Cracks in Steels and Alloys under the Influence of Crack Closure

On the basis of the experimental data, we show that the difference between the macroscopic and microscopic fatigue crack growth rates in the second section of the kinetic diagram of fatigue fracture is caused by the effect of crack closure within the limits of its existence. We establish the relationships between the macroscopic and microscopic fatigue crack growth rates and the structure of the material in the second section of the diagram for various values of the load ratio with regard for the effect of crack closure and propose a procedure of examination of the fracture processes in structural materials based on the analysis of microscopic and macroscopic fatigue crack growth rates.     

Critical Configurations for 1-View in Projections from ℙ<Superscript>k</Superscript> → ℙ<Superscript>2</Superscript>

In this paper we describe, from a theoretical point of view, critical configurations for the projective reconstruction of a set of points, for a single view, i.e. for calibration of a camera, in the case of projections from ℙ^k to ℙ² for k ≥ 4. We give first a general result describing these critical loci in ℙ^k, which, if irreducible, are algebraic varieties of dimension k−2 and degree 3. If k=4 they can be either a smooth ruled surface or a cone and if k = 5 they can be a smooth three dimensional variety, ruled in planes, or a cone. If k≥ 6, the variety is always a cone, the vertex of which has dimension at least k − 6. The reducible cases are studied in Appendix A. These results are then applied to determine explicitly the critical loci for the projections from ℙ^k which arise from the dynamic scenes in ℙ³ considered in [13]. Marina Bertolini is currently Associate Professor of Geometry at the Department of Mathematics at the Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Her main field of research is Complex Projective Algebraic Geometry, with particular interest for the classification of projective varieties and for the geometry of Grassmann varieties. On these topics M. Bertolini has published more than twenty reviewed papers on national and international journals. She has been for some years now interested also in applications of Algebraic Geometry to Computer Vision problems. Cristina Turrini is Associate Professor of Geometry at the Department of Mathematics of Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Her main research interest is Complex Projective Algebraic Geometry: subvarieties of Grassmannians, special varieties, automorphisms, classification. In the last two years she has started to work on applications of Algebraic Geometry to problems of Computer Vision. She is author or co-author of about thirty reviewed papers. She is also involved in popularization of Mathematics, and on this subject she is co-editor of some books.     

煤层物性测井评价方法初探

依据煤岩的赋存方式和结构特点，利用电阻率和井径测井资料在不同煤质结构的煤层所表现的差异性，建立了2个指标(即深侧向电阻率与微球电阻率之间的比值，井径与钻头之间的比值)对煤质结构进行了准确的识别。用多元回归的概率模型建立了煤岩镜质反射率的测井计算模式，其结果与已有的煤心分析数据对比，两者具有较好的一致性。在综合分析的基础上，对煤层的重要物性参数煤阶、煤质结构进行了测井评价。     

从《左传》录诗看孔子是否删诗

孔子是否删诗，这是一个历史遗留问题。司马迁首言在前，孔颖达怀疑在后。宋之后，争议遂起，延至近代。今人夏传才先生断日：孔子是否删诗，“在没有发掘出新史料的情况下，哪怕再争论八百年，也是搞不清楚的”。以此止息纷争。话虽不错，但问题并没有解决。我认为，在没有发掘出新史料的情况下，可以从《左传》入手，来考察孔子是否删诗。     

箍筋末端135度弯钩二次就位法讨论

随着人们对建筑安全的日益重视 ,对建筑抗震要求的提高 ,国内外有关规范都对箍筋末端的设置作了明确规定 ,要求做成 135度弯钩。而在工程实践中 ,由于施工上的技术困难 ,很多工程都只设置成 90度弯钩。笔者提出的箍筋末端 135度弯钩二次就位法在基本不增加 90度弯钩施工难度与费用的基础上实现了 135度弯钩的施工 ,其法是可行的     

反应器和钢烟囱整体吊装的难点和对策

介绍了在金陵石化炼油厂200万t/a柴油加氢装置建设中,将质量为237t的反应器和高60m的钢烟囱成功进行整体吊装过程中的关键技术.通过此项工程实践得出以下结论象钢烟囱这样细长重物的整体吊装,由两台吊车抬立起后,再由主吊车独立吊装就位的施工方法简单易行,安全可靠,应用范围广;结构复杂细长杆的吊装强度和挠度计算比较复杂,在计算过程中可以忽略部分次要件的质量,分别以两吊点为支点计算上下吊点所受的力,然后再按比例放余量,使两吊点受力之和等于细长杆的重力,计算挠度时,可以适当地把问题夸大化,从而建立近似的力学模型;高压厚壁重型容器的吊装,宜直接设置专门吊盖与大法兰用螺栓把紧起吊;施工现场地基坚实是保证吊车站位和吊装施工的前提条件.     

15000 m^3／h制氧机组同步电动机起动技术研究

介绍液态软起动技术在济钢 15000 m3/h制氧机配套的 6000 kW同步电动机上的应用情况,阐述了系统的原理、特点、仿真计算及实际应用后达到的效果.     

一种新的变步长ICA自适应算法

结合互信息极小的优化判据，基于估计函数期望平方准则、外点法和最速下降法的思想，本文导出了一种新的变步长独立分量分析(ICA)自适应算法。该算法克服了固定步长在分离矩阵推导过程中出现的稳态失调问题，比基于模拟退火步长的ICA算法有更快的仞始收敛速度和较高的分离精度。同时，该算法还具有较好的时变系统跟踪能力。理论分析和仿真计算结果证实了其可以有效地提高ICA的自适虚性，更准确地完成盲信号分离。     

Fast and accurate 4‐node quadrilateral

An accurate and variationally consistent 4‐node quadrilateral element is introduced where high coarse mesh accuracy and low mesh distortion sensitivity are characteristic qualities, even when incompressibility is approached for plane strain. One‐point quadrature integration procedure is adopted and a new improved stabilization technique is developed. Orthogonality conditions are utilized so that the patch test is satisfied for arbitrary quadrilaterals. Several numerical examples including a convergence rate study are presented which confirm the excellent performance of this element. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of inertinites from some Australian coals to non-catalytic hydrogenation in tetralin

Inertinite concentrates from three Australian bituminous coals were hydrogenated at various temperatures ranging from 350 to 475 °C in the presence of tetralin without any added catalyst. Both conversion yields and microscopic observations of the benzene-extracted hydrogenation residues have revealed that the hydrogenation of the inertinite macerals becomes significant only > 400 °C, whereas the dissolution-hydrogenation of the accompanying vitrinite macerals occurs mainly between 350 and 400 °C. The major reaction pathway for the inertinite particles in the hydrogenation process appears to be one of initial mild carbonization followed by hydrogenation. A simplified reaction scheme is proposed which describes the reaction pathway involved in the hydrogenation of inertinite.