几种特色瓜的腌制技术(上)

为增加腌制瓜的品种,该文介绍了4种腌制瓜的腌制方法。蒜泥乳瓜是将乳黄瓜用白矾、石灰浸洗后,经腌制、压卤、加蒜泥拌匀后入缸加蜜酒和香醋浸渍而成,呈深绿色,质地脆嫩,香甜可口,有酯香和蒜香,风味独特。香酸甜香瓜是将香瓜洗净后,经腌渍、起缸、烫漂、曝晒、糖醋渍和翻缸等工序制成的,色泽黄亮、香气扑鼻、酸甜清脆。豆豉酱片瓜是将青皮小菜瓜去籽后,经腌制、去卤、加豆豉酱制等工序制成,呈红褐色、有光泽,口味鲜美、脆嫩,具有豆豉香气。糟稍瓜是将稍瓜洗净后,经刺眼、擦盐、曝晒、入缸糟渍、起缸沥卤、加配抖入坛糟涪和威熟等工序制戍的．呈橙黄龟、半透明状。口感鲜甜香脆。     

Wild melon: a novel non-edible feedstock for bioenergy

In the present research work, a non-edible oil source Cucumis melo var. agrestis(wild melon) was systematically identified and studied for biodiesel production and its characterization. The extracted oil was 29.1% of total dry seed weight. The free fatty acid value of the oil was found to be 0.64%, and the single-step alkaline transesterification method was used for conversion of fatty acids into their respective methyl esters. The maximum conversion efficiency of fatty acids was obtained at 0.4 wt% Na OH(used as catalyst), 30%(methanol to oil, v/v) methanol amount, 60 ℃ reaction temperature,600-rpm agitation rate and 60-min reaction time. Under these optimal conditions, the conversion efficiency of fatty acid was 92%. However, in the case of KOH as catalyst, the highest conversion(85%) of fatty acids was obtained at 40%methanol to oil ratio, 1.28 wt% KOH, 60 ℃ reaction temperature, 600-rpm agitation rate and 45 min of reaction time.Qualitatively, biodiesel was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy(GC–MS). FTIR results demonstrated a strong peak at 1742 cm~(-1), showing carbonyl groups(C=O)of methyl esters. However, GC–MS results showed the presence of twelve methyl esters comprised of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, non-decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecynoic acid. The fuel properties were found to fall within the range recommended by the international biodiesel standard, i.e., American Society of Testing Materials(ASTM): flash point of 91 ℃, density of 0.873 kg/L, viscosity of 5.35 c St, pour point of-13 ℃, cloud point of-10 ℃, total acid number of 0.242 mg KOH/g and sulfur content of 0.0043 wt%. The present work concluded the potential of wild melon seed oil as excellent non-edible source of bioenergy.     

EFF和硝酸钙混合液对薄皮甜瓜采后香气成分的影响

研究促进保鲜配方(EFF)和硝酸钙混合液对薄皮甜瓜采后香气成分的影响。以采后七成熟薄皮甜瓜‘玉美人’和‘日本甜宝’为试材,用EFF和硝酸钙混合液(EFF 2%和硝酸钙0.5%(V/V))浸泡,分别以浸泡清水和0.5%硝酸钙为对照(CK1和CK2),在15℃恒温培养箱中贮藏21d,测定贮藏期间果实香气成分的变化。结果表明,经混合液浸泡后,延缓了果实质量、硬度、水分的降低速率及可溶性固形物的消耗。果实贮藏前期,香气物质中醇类和醛类为主要成分,随着果实逐渐成熟衰老,两者含量逐渐减少,而酯类含量逐渐增加,且以乙酸酯类为主,其次是草酸酯类和其他酯类。处理果实中己醛含量和其他4种醛的总量均显著高于两个对照(P＜0.05),两个品种处理果实香气物质总含量均高于两个对照,而且香气物质出现高峰晚于两个对照,减少了香气成分的损失。两个品种比较,‘日本甜宝’更耐贮藏。综合分析得出,EFF和硝酸钙的混合液比单独使用硝酸钙更利于保持果实品质及香气成分,延缓采后果实的成熟与衰老。     

Transgenic melon (cucumis melo L.) and potential for expression of novel proteins important to food industry

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important fruit crop cultivated widely in every region of the world. Our laboratory is targeting this species for production of novel proteins important to food industry. Prior to expression of protein of interest in transgenic melon an efficient genetic transformation system has to be developed. In this context we are testing a wide variety of promoters fused to reporter gene for β‐glucuronidase (GUS) for expression specifically in melon fruits. In this study in melon, salicylic acid‐inducible promoter region of pathogenesis‐related protein gene (PR1a) of tobacco fused to β‐glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into melon via Agrobacterium‐mediated gene transfer using a binary vector system. Gene transfer was effective when Agrobacterium virulence factors like acetosyringone (100 μM) and low pH (5.2) were provided during the co‐culture step. Transformed shoots were recovered from benzyladenine‐induced cut cotyledons using kanamycin gene as a selective marker. Regeneration of shoots from cotyledons was stimulated by providing 10 mM proline in the shoot organogenesis medium. Southern and Northern blot analysis of transformants confirmed the presence of β‐glucuronidase gene in two selected clones J‐3 and PR‐G. The transformants also showed high β‐glucuronidase activity after salicylic acid treatment. Thiamine, a previously known inducer of pathogenesis‐related protein, stimulated β‐glucuronidase in J‐3 but not PR‐G melon transformants tested in this study. These studies showed that tobacco PR1a promoter region can be expressed in melon and it was stimulated by salicylic acid. This indicates the potential to use the promoter region of tobacco PR1a for genetic improvement of melon for specific food processing‐related characteristics or for expression of novel food‐related proteins. The promoter region could be used to drive specific target genes under stress or salicylic acid induced conditions.     

双酶法提取甜瓜籽多肽的工艺研究

以甜瓜籽为原料,水解度为考察指标,采用胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶协同酶解法制备甜瓜籽多肽。通过单因素试验和响应面设计试验对酶解条件进行优化,结果表明:酶解的最佳工艺条件为底物浓度为3%、加酶量为4%、酶解时间为180 min、酶解温度为50℃、pH值为8、双酶质量比为6∶4,水解度达到最大值13.85%。     

高压二氧化碳处理对鲜切哈密瓜微生物与品质的影响

本实验以哈密瓜为原料,优化了清洗工艺,研究了高压二氧化碳（high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD） 处理对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏期间（4 ℃避光贮藏8 d）微生物（菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数）、感官指标（质量损失 率、质构、感官评价）、品质指标（可溶性固形物含量、pH值、VC含量）、酶（多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase, PPO）、过氧化物酶）活力的影响。本研究首先确定了强酸电解水清洗25 min为最佳清洗工艺,清洗后鲜切哈密 瓜的菌落总数下降了0.81（lg（CFU/g））。2.5、3.5、4.5 MPa处理8 min后的鲜切哈密瓜在贮藏期间微生物数量显 著增加,PPO活力上升,且在贮藏8 d时,质量、硬度和VC含量分别下降了16.45%～42.70%、30.38%～48.97%和 96.25%～96.73%。本研究为HPCD技术应用于鲜切哈密瓜加工提供了理论依据。     

桑叶-苦瓜混合粉对正常小鼠血糖血脂和抗氧化能力的影响

探讨桑叶-苦瓜混合粉对正常小鼠血糖、血脂、抗氧化能力的影响,为评价桑叶-苦瓜混合粉是否适用于正常人群提供参考。用不同质量浓度的桑叶-苦瓜混合液灌胃正常小鼠30 d,测定小鼠体质量、血糖浓度、糖耐量、脂代谢和抗氧化的相关指标。结果表明：与对照组比较,桑叶-苦瓜混合粉显著抑制正常小鼠体质量增加,随灌胃质量浓度增加该作用趋于平稳;当灌胃0.20 g/mL桑叶-苦瓜混合粉时,对血糖浓度无明显影响,雌、雄小鼠血糖曲线下面积下降率分别为14.18%、15.69%,肝糖原含量分别增加1.93、1.98 倍;血清总胆固醇浓度分别下降17.19%、18.92%,甘油三酯浓度分别下降15.00%、16.79%,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度分别下降41.67%、45.83%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度分别上升64.52%、72.22%;肝脏丙二醛含量分别下降36.71%、37.73%,超氧化物歧化酶活力分别上升41.77%、48.41%,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力分别上升29.04%、27.21%。桑叶-苦瓜混合粉对正常小鼠的血糖、血脂水平和抗氧化功能有调节作用,不会对健康造成不利影响。     

自然发酵哈密瓜果汁中酵母分离与鉴定

从自然发酵的哈密瓜汁中分离得到25株形态较好的酵母菌株,经过初筛、复筛,得到1株产酒精能力好,产气较快,最适温度28℃,能耐受150mg／L的SO2,耐浓度为15％的酒精的酵母菌株HM02。经鉴定该酵母为酵母属的酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisive）。     

适宜臭氧处理对甜瓜采后品质的影响

以甜瓜西州密25号为实验对象,在温度6~8℃,RH80~85%条件下对甜瓜进行适宜的臭氧处理,通过臭氧发生器按照适宜的臭氧浓度和间隔处理时间在50 L的塑料桶中进行密封40 min处理,每次处理结束后去盖贮藏。研究甜瓜在42 d贮藏期中通过适宜臭氧处理观察其相关品质指标的动态变化,以及适宜臭氧处理对链格孢和镰刀菌的抑菌影响。实验表明:适宜臭氧处理(浓度4.28mg/cm~3、间隔时间24 h)后的甜瓜糖度和硬度平均每天仅下降0.07、0.03%,臭氧对其下降起到了明显的延缓作用,同时降低了42%的失重率,对镰刀菌和链格孢起到很强的抑菌作用且对链格孢有更好的抑菌效果,平均每天仅增长4.04 mm;适宜的臭氧处理对甜瓜采后低温贮藏品质有较好的保持作用,延长了贮藏期。本文为甜瓜采后低温贮藏保鲜提供了一定的理论基础。