Viscosity prediction for fatty systems

Viscosity data have been measured as a function of temperature for two pure polyunsaturated fatty compounds (linoleic acid and trilinolein), for two multicomponent fatty systems, for a commercial-grade oleic acid (approximately 80% pure), and for canola oil. The measurements were performed in Cannon Fenske glass capillary kinematic viscometers. The contents of a large data bank, containing viscosity data for saturated, monousaturated, and polyunsaturated pure fatty substances, were correlated by an equation based on the number of carbon atoms and double bonds. By using this equation for pure compounds and the UNIMOD group contribution method for mixtures, the viscosity data for model fatty systems, commercial oleic acid, and canola oil were predicted. The good results obtained in the present work indicate that this approach can be a valuable tool for designing or evaluating chemical process equipment for the oil industry.     

Influence of wax type on characteristics of oleogels from camellia oil and medium chain triglycerides

Camellia oil (CO) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), characterised by different carbon chain lengths, were gelled using beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW) and carnauba wax (CRW). Critical concentrations, oil-binding capacity (OBC), textural parameters, thermal properties, microscopic properties and infrared spectra were used to evaluate their differences. The carbon chain length of oil sources showed different results for the critical concentration of the three wax-based gel oils at 25 °C, and the oleogel of MCT and CLW exhibited a minimum value (1%). The oleogels formed from CO and waxes with wax esters as the main components (BW and CRW) exhibit significantly lower OBC and textural value than the oleogels made from MCT with BW and CRW. Meanwhile, this is corroborated with the thermal behaviour and crystal morphology, and distribution of the oleogels. However, no differences in crystal types and generation of new functional groups were observed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, suggesting that the differences in the properties of wax-based oleogels with different carbon chain lengths are attributed to the interactions between the waxes and the oil sources (physical interaction).     

Development of a spectroscopic method to determine the content of free radical scavenging compounds and oxidation products in thermally oxidised oils

A simple spectroscopic method using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was developed to simultaneously monitor the contents of free radical scavenging antioxidants (FRSs) and oxidised lipid products during oxidation through selection of proper solvents. Validation of the DPPH method was conducted in a stripped oil matrix, and practical applicability of the method was tested with heated oils. The absorbance of DPPH in isooctane simultaneously reflected the changing amounts of both FRSs and oxidised lipid products, whereas the absorbance in methanol mainly reflected changes in FRSs. Total polar materials (TPMs) were found to be representative of oxidised lipid products, which reacted with DPPH in isooctane better than in methanol. Validation parameters including accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined using α‐tocopherol as a model for FRSs and TPMs for oxidised lipid products. The DPPH protocol in isooctane and in methanol is useful for assessing the degree of oxidation in heated oils through comparing the contents of FRSs and oxidised lipids.     

The rs2516839 Polymorphism of the USF1 Gene May Modulate Serum Triglyceride Levels in Response to Cigarette Smoking

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the USF1 gene (upstream stimulatory factor 1) influence plasma lipid levels. This study aims to determine whether USF1 SNPs interact with traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis to increase coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. In the present study serum lipid levels and USF1 gene polymorphisms (rs2516839 and rs3737787) were determined in 470 subjects: 235 patients with premature CAD and 235 controls. A trend of increasing triglycerides (TG) levels in relation to the C allele dose of rs2516839 SNP was observed. The synergistic effect of cigarette smoking and C allele carrier state on CAD risk was also found (SIM = 2.69, p = 0.015). TG levels differentiated significantly particular genotypes in smokers (1.53 mmol/L for TT, 1.80 mmol/L for CT and 2.27 mmol/L for CC subjects). In contrast, these differences were not observed in the non-smokers subgroup (1.57 mmol/L for TT, 1.46 mmol/L for CT and 1.49 mmol/L for CC subjects). In conclusion, the rs2516839 polymorphism may modulate serum triglyceride levels in response to cigarette smoking. Carriers of the C allele seem to be particularly at risk of CAD, when exposed to cigarette smoking.     

初榨椰子油品质特征及健康功效的研究进展

初榨椰子油（VCO）是近年来备受关注的功能性油脂。随着VCO市场的增长,对VCO功效的报道也越来越多,然而近年来对椰子油的功效有一定的争议。为了正确认识椰子油,促进VCO在大健康领域的推广应用,介绍了VCO的加工工艺、感官特征、质量指标、脂肪酸组成及微量活性成分,并对VCO的抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等健康功效及其在心血管疾病、糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病、肥胖、肿瘤等疾病防治方面的研究进展进行了综述。VCO是一种具有一定健康功效的功能性油脂。     

The effects of moderately oxidised dietary oil with or without vitamin E supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood traits, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence of male broilers

BACKGROUND: The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of oxidised oil with or without vitamin E on performance, nutrient digestibility, some blood traits, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system of male broilers. RESULTS: The supplementation of oxidised oil with or without vitamin E to the grower diets did not significantly affect performance, the pH and viscosity values of excreta and nutrient digestibilities in male broilers. Oxidised oil supplementation slightly increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations but did not alter plasma glucose concentration. Although malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide concentrations tended to be higher in the oxidised oil group, these increases were not significant. Birds fed the diet containing oxidised oil had significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. However, no differences were observed in glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity and uric acid concentrations of broilers fed oxidised oil as compared to the control group. Dietary vitamin E supplementation decreased MDA concentration whereas increasing SOD activity, suggesting that vitamin E supplementation reduced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: The results showed that a milder oxidative stress occurred by supplementation of moderately oxidised oil to the diet of broilers and vitamin E supplementation had been helpful in alleviating lipid peroxidation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Novel quaternary ammonium salts derived from triglycerides and their application in skin and hair products

An investigation has been carried out into the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts of triglycerides. The aim of this work was to produce such compounds without breaking the triglyceride skeleton. The reaction of chloracetyl chloride with the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid which is the major constituent (88–90%) of castor oil gave an intermediate derivative with pendant chloro groups. Quaternization with stearyl dimethylamine gave a 98% yield of a quaternary ammonium salt containing three quaternary groups per molecule. This reaction sequence overcame the steric hindrance problems encountered in unsuccessful attempts to quaternize halogen groups attached directly to the main chain. Using the same procedure, a quaternary salt was prepared from castor oil.
In skin care studies this quaternary was used at a low level in a moisturizing lotion. Subjective assessment of the ease of application of the test lotion versus control was significantly in favour of the test. Viscoelastic measurements of the skin were made using two techniques before and after application of the lotion. Both showed an advantage to the test lotion. No difference between the test and control lotions was found when sebum levels and transepidermal water loss measurements were measured. A C-12 quaternary synthesized from dimethyl-dodecylamine exhibited antimicrobial activity. An aqueous dispersion of the C-18 quaternary when applied to bleached hair in order to improve combing, gave excellent results showing superiority to four other commercially available quaternary ammonium salts.     

基于核桃油的中长链甘油三酯的酶法制备及纯化北大核心CSCD

利用脂肪酶催化中链甘油三酯(MCT)与核桃油发生酯交换反应,利用分子蒸馏脱除产物中的游离脂肪酸(FAA),再用乙醇萃取MCT制备高含量中长链甘油三酯(MLCT)的结构脂产品。对酶催化酯交换反应条件进行优化,对乙醇萃取条件进行优化,并对结构脂产品的脂肪酸组成及分布进行测定。结果表明:最佳酯交换反应条件为以Novozym 435为催化用酶,加酶量10%、MCT与核桃油摩尔比2∶1、反应温度55℃、反应时间9 h,在此条件下反应并通过分子蒸馏脱除FAA后所得产品的MLCT含量为76.2%,MCT含量为14.3%,长链甘油三酯(LCT)含量为9.5%;最佳乙醇萃取条件为乙醇体积分数85%、底物(分子蒸馏脱除游离脂肪酸后产物)与乙醇溶液的比例1∶3,在最佳条件下所得产品的MLCT含量为85.4%,MCT含量为3.7%,LCT含量为10.8%,产品得率为80.8%。制备的产品中MLCT含量高,富含亚油酸与亚麻酸,其含量比值为5.8,可作为消化系统缺陷患者补充必需脂肪酸的油脂来源。     

超临界CO2酶法合成低热量甘油三酯工艺条件的优化

本文研究了在超临界CO2状态下酶法酯化合成长短链脂肪酸甘油三酯的工艺条件,选用脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM,以酯化率为参考指标,通过单因素试验考察了反应压力、反应温度、反应时间、体系水分添加量、酶用量和底物摩尔比对酯化率的影响,再通过响应面对工艺条件进行优化,结果为：反应压力11MPa、反应温度56℃、反应时间15h、体系水分添加量2.5%、酶用量4%、底物摩尔比3:1。并在此最佳工艺条件下进行酯交换试验,测得产品的酯化率为65.3%,且此法制得的甘油三酯热量值较普通葵花油降低了大约50%。     

THIOLS AND DISULPHIDES IN QUIESCENT AND GERMINATING BARLEY GRAINS,BOTH DORMANT AND MATURE

Reduced and oxidised glutathione, cysteine, cystine and traces (too small to quantify) of γ-glutamyl-cysteine and cysteinylglycine were detected, in about the same amounts, in extracts of the embryos of dormant and mature barleys. During micromalting the levels of the thiols and disulphides altered in various ways, but altered in the same ways in dormant and mature samples of grain until germination began. An early decline in the glutathione content of embryos was mirrored by a rise in the amount in degermed grains. Histochemical tests and analyses of isolated tissues showed that in the quiescent grains thiols were concentrated in the embryo (particularly the scutellum) and in the aleurone layer and isolated embryos released thiols into an incubation medium. We conclude that the endogenous thiols and disulphides are not obviously involved in the regulation of dormancy.