一起误食光硬皮马勃中毒事件调查

目的 对2019年9月4日发生在云南省楚雄彝族自治州的一起误食光硬皮马勃中毒事件进行调查分析,明确中毒原因,总结中毒特点及救治方法,为该蘑菇中毒事件的处置提供借鉴。方法 收集中毒病例资料、进行流行病学调查、对蘑菇样品进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。结果 2例患者各进食了约50 g购买于市场的马勃后,出现了腹痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻及低血压的症状,潜伏期0.5～1 h,经过对症治疗后好转出院。蘑菇标本经形态学和分子生物学鉴定为光硬皮马勃。结论 此次事件是因误食光硬皮马勃引起的急性中毒事件。光硬皮马勃与可食用的云南硬皮马勃外形相似,常因误食而中毒。鉴于很多毒蘑菇与一些食用菌形态上极为相似而导致误采误食,建议不要随意采食野生蘑菇。     

Characteristics and Rheological Properties of Polysaccharide Nanoparticles from Edible Mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes)

Nanotechnology has become relevant in the food‐related industries, and edible mushrooms can be a potential raw material for providing satisfied edible nanomaterial. In this study, by following 3 different pretreatments (hot water or cold alkali or hot alkali) insoluble polysaccharide nanoparticles were prepared from Flammulina velutipes by wet milling and high pressure homogenization and their properties were investigated. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, GC‐MS (for its main compositions), FTIR, XRD, and TG. The 1 wt% nanoparticle dispersions presented non‐Newtonian, shear‐thinning fluids with the viscosity in an increasing order for the hot water < cold alkali < hot alkali. Moreover, the dynamical rheological results showed differences of storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of these particle dispersions. It was concluded that the Flammulina velutipes‐derived polysaccharides nanoparticles have great potential applications in the food industry, for example, as emulsifiers, reinforcement agents, and bioactive carriers.     

煅烧温度对牡蛎壳陶粒磷吸附效果的影响

研究主要是制备一种牡蛎壳陶粒,并考察煅烧温度对牡蛎壳陶粒除磷性能的影响。结果表明煅烧温度对牡蛎壳载体磷吸附效果的影响较大,当牡蛎壳粉末∶粘土∶九水硅酸钠=7∶2∶1,煅烧温度为450℃时,制备的牡蛎壳陶粒对磷的吸附量为0.155 mg·g-1。牡蛎壳陶粒对磷的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且在25℃下最大吸附量为0.432 mg·g-1。最佳条件下制备的牡蛎壳陶粒具有良好的亲水性,吸水率可以达到18.64%、载体的抗压强度可以达到2.15 MPa、空隙率为41.2%、比表面积为5.71 m2·g-1、破碎率与磨损率之和为2.95%、含泥量为0.61%,这些指标均满足《水处理用人工陶粒滤料CJ/T 299-2008》的指标,可以将此牡蛎壳陶粒用到水处理当中。     

蛭弧菌对溶藻弧菌的消除作用研究

本实验研究了盐度(NaCl浓度,以下同),Ca2+和Mg2+)对海洋蛭弧菌5#-12和5#-sh06生长活性和裂解溶藻弧菌能力的影响,测定了两株蛭弧菌对11株致病性溶藻弧菌的裂解谱,同时研究了其对牡蛎养殖水体和肠道中溶藻弧菌的清除作用.结果表明,在1.0-3.5%的盐度范围内,蛭孤菌均能生长,最适盐度为3.0%;ca2+和Mg2+浓度为3mM时,5#-sh06具有最好的生长活性,而5#-12在Ca2+和Mg2+浓度为4mM时生长活性达到最强;Ca2+和Mg2+浓度为4 mM时,蛭弧菌5#-12和5#-sh06的裂解能力平均分别提高了11.8%和22.6%;5#-12和5#-sh06分别能裂解其中9株和10株溶藻弧菌,而两株蛭弧菌协同作用,能裂解全部11株溶藻弧菌;蛭弧菌能够有效降低牡蛎肠道和养殖水体中弧菌的数量,试验第7 d,实验组牡蛎肠道和养殖水体中弧菌浓度对数值比对照组分别低7.24和7.97.本研究结果揭示了蛭弧菌作为生物消除剂在控制和消除食源致病性溶藻弧菌等病原菌方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

Temperature Sensitivity and Pressure Resistance of Mushroom Polyphenoloxidase

Measurements of residual enzyme activity and FTIR-spectroscopy revealed that mushroom polyphenoloxidase is a thermosensitive enzyme readily inactivated by temperatures exceeding 50°C. The enzyme is, however, very pressure stable. At room temperature no enzyme inactivation occurred at pressures up to 6 kbar. FTIR-spectroscopy revealed that a modification in enzyme conformation occurred below 9 kbar. Kinetic studies showed that pressure and temperature did not always act synergistically with respect to enzyme inactivation. FTIR-spectroscopy showed that pressure- or temperature-induced changes were considerably different. Both temperature and pressure-temperature inactivation were only slightly influenced by pH (in the pH-range 5.5–7.5).     

臭氧处理对草菇采后外观品质的影响

对草菇进行臭氧气体、臭氧水、护色液(0.1g/kgEDTA-2Na+3.0g/kgVC+5.0g/kg柠檬酸)和护色液+臭氧水和对照处理,15℃下贮藏。发现,臭氧水处理的草菇C*值和a*值小于对照,h0值和L*值大于对照和其他处理草菇的h0值和L*值,失重率显著低于对照的失重率,贮藏寿命比对照延长了2d。可以认为臭氧水处理草菇有护色,抑制褐变和延长保鲜期的效果。     

富含香菇多糖的山楂功能性饮料的研制

为了得到一种风味良好、营养丰富的新型复合功能性饮料,该实验以香菇和山楂浓缩清汁为主要原料,优化提取工艺,得到最优的香菇粗多糖提取工艺参数为料液比为1∶25、pH=8.5、提取时间2h、温度45℃、加酶量0.5%,此时香菇多糖提取率达到6.25%。通过配方筛选正交试验,得到最优配比为香菇粗多糖0.3%、山楂浓缩汁12%、安赛蜜0.012%、柠檬酸0.3%、白砂糖8%、香精0.002%、色素0.002%。实验所得到的山楂复合饮料,实现了风味和营养的互补。     

盐渍对双孢菇多糖的影响

将盐渍和未盐渍的双孢菇分别经热水提取、乙醇沉淀得粗多糖,结果表明未盐渍双孢菇粗多糖的得率比盐渍双孢菇粗多糖高2倍。两份粗多糖经Sevag法除去蛋白质后上DEAE-纤维素柱层析,分别用蒸馏水和0.05mol/LNaCl溶液洗脱,得到多糖纯品组分Ab-I、Ab-I’和Ab-II、Ab-II’。SepharoseCL-4B测得盐渍与未盐渍双孢菇多糖的Ab-I和Ab-I’分子量均为7.79×104。红外光谱分析表明盐渍处理对双孢菇多糖结构未产生显著影响。多糖抗氧化能力测定的结果表明未盐渍双孢菇多糖的粗品和纯品的抗氧化能力均比盐渍双孢菇多糖的高。