超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定毒蘑菇中5种强毒性蘑菇毒素含量

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测毒蘑菇中α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽、羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽5种强毒性蘑菇毒素含量的分析方法。方法样品经甲醇/水(3:7, V:V)混合液超声提取,离心后取上清液过0.22μm微孔滤膜,C18色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪上采用多反应监测正离子模式测定,外标法定量检测。结果蘑菇样本中检测出α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽4种蘑菇毒素,浓度分别为164、198、33、2208 mg/kg。结论本方法快速简便、准确,可用于因蘑菇毒素引起的食物中毒应急检测。     

Quality of enoki mushrooms as affected by packaging conditions

Fresh enoki mushrooms (100 g) were packaged under various conditions and stored at 10 °C for 14 days. Package atmosphere, weight loss, stipe elongation, surface colour and sensory quality of the mushrooms were measured during storage. Different levels of initial vacuum application did not have a significant influence on the in‐package atmosphere after 2 days. The half‐vacuum package was best in terms of quality preservation of the fresh mushrooms. A polyolefin film with respective gas permeabilities of 166 and 731 ml m⁻² h⁻¹ atm⁻¹ to O₂ and CO₂ established an equilibrated atmosphere of 1.7–2.4% O₂ and 4.1–5.6% CO₂ inside the package at 10 °C. This polyolefin film was shown to contribute to preserving the freshness of the mushrooms. Temperature fluctuations between 5 and 15 °C did not induce a harmful atmosphere inside the polyolefin package, though high temperatures accelerated the quality loss. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

HACCP在蘑菇罐头生产中的应用探讨

本文运用HACCP详细分析了蘑菇罐头加工过程中潜在的危害,确定了蘑菇罐头生产过程中的关键控制点。探讨了将HACCP系统应用于蘑菇罐头生产,以提高产品的质量和安全性。     

Experimental studies on mushroom and pollen drying

In this study, drying periods of mushrooms and pollens (for Anzer honey) were investigated. The experiments of mushrooms were carried out under both laboratory and shady‐ and sunny‐atmospheric conditions and those of pollens were conducted in the drying cupboard heated by electric heater and under sunny atmospheric conditions. The temperature of the drying cupboard was regulated at 45°C during the drying experiment of pollen. The mass loss of pollens and the temperature of each shelf including pollens in the drying cupboard were measured. Drying curves of mushrooms and pollens for each experiment and the variation of the mass change ratio, the moisture ratio of pollens and the temperatures in the shelves with drying time were presented, respectively. Furthermore, their equations of drying curves and the average experimental uncertainty ratios were calculated based on the experimental results. It was concluded that mushrooms can be dried in the cupboards by using hot air at 50°C in a time period of 5–6 h, and the dried must be protected in vacuum, and the pollens also must be dried at temperatures between 40 and 45°C in a time period of 2·5–3 h without their losing the colour, flavour, smell and structure. The average experimental uncertainty ratio of mushrooms and pollens during the drying process were calculated to be 22 and 18%, respectively. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre

There is no scientific consensus regarding the safety of the Yellow Knight mushroom Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm. Following reports of cases of intoxication involving effects such as rhabdomyolysis, and supportive observations from in vivo experimental models, T. equestre is considered as a poisonous mushroom in some countries while in others it is still widely collected from the wild and consumed every year. In this paper, we review all the available information on T. equestre including its morphological and molecular characterization, nutritional value, levels of contaminants observed in fruiting bodies, the possibility of mistake with species that are morphologically similar, and the in vivo data on safety and cases of human intoxication. Based on available data, it is suggested that T. equestre cannot be considered as a toxic species and does not appear to exhibit any greater health threat than other mushroom species currently considered as edible. More care should be taken when reporting cases of human poisoning to fully identify T. equestre as the causative agent and to exclude a number of interfering factors. Specific guidelines for reporting future cases of poisoning with T. equestre are outlined in this paper. Any future research involving T. equestre should present the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.     

Effect of Heat Processing on IgE Reactivity and Cross‐Reactivity of Tropomyosin and Other Allergens of Asia‐Pacific Mollusc Species: Identification of Novel Sydney Rock Oyster Tropomyosin Sac g 1

1 Scope

Shellfish allergy is an increasing global health priority, frequently affecting adults. Molluscs are an important shellfish group causing food allergy but knowledge of their allergens and cross‐reactivity is limited. Optimal diagnosis of mollusc allergy enabling accurate advice on food avoidance is difficult. Allergens of four frequently ingested Asia‐Pacific molluscs are characterized: Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), saucer scallop (Amusium balloti), and southern calamari (Sepioteuthis australis), examining cross‐reactivity between species and with blue swimmer crab tropomyosin, Por p 1.

2 Methods and results

IgE ELISA showed that cooking increased IgE reactivity of mollusc extracts and basophil activation confirmed biologically relevant IgE reactivity. Immunoblotting demonstrated strong IgE reactivity of several proteins including one corresponding to heat‐stable tropomyosin in all species (37–40 kDa). IgE‐reactive Sydney rock oyster proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, and the novel major oyster tropomyosin allergen was cloned, sequenced, and designated Sac g 1 by the IUIS. Oyster extracts showed highest IgE cross‐reactivity with other molluscs, while mussel cross‐reactivity was weakest. Inhibition immunoblotting demonstrated high cross‐reactivity between tropomyosins of mollusc and crustacean species.

3 Conclusion

These findings inform novel approaches for reliable diagnosis and improved management of mollusc allergy.     

牡蛎生物活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽是来源于蛋白质的多功能化合物,是可以调节生物机体的生命活动或具有生理活性作用的一类肽的总称。牡蛎肽又是生物活性肽的重要组成部分,含有丰富的蛋白质、人体必需的8种氨基酸、牛磺酸、维生素以及锌、硒、铁、铜、碘等微量元素;随着现代生物技术和医学技术的发展,制备牡蛎活性肽的方法多种,且牡蛎肽在抗氧化、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抑制血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)活性等方面具备特殊的生理活性。本文就牡蛎肽的制备以及牡蛎肽的生物活性等研究进行概述,为今后牡蛎肽的应用提供参考。     

5 种食用菌多糖理化性质及免疫活性的比较研究

目的：研究平菇、茶树菇、香菇、木耳、金针菇5 种食用菌多糖的理化性质和免疫活性,为食用菌的开发利用提供理论支持。方法：采用水提醇沉法提取多糖;采用分光光度法、高效凝胶渗透色谱法（high performance gelpermeation chromatography,HPGPC）、气相色谱-质谱联用法（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）、红外光谱法（infrared spectrometry,IR）分析多糖的理化性质;采用酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA）测定多糖的免疫活性。结果：相同条件下,5 种食用菌多糖提取率依次为平菇多糖（Pleurotusostreatus polysaccharides,POP）3.39%、茶树菇多糖（Agrocybe chaxingu polysaccharides,ACP）2.71%、金针菇多糖（Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides,FVP）2.69%、香菇多糖（Lentinus edodes polysaccharides,LEP）2.32%和木耳多糖（Auriculari aauricular polysaccharides,AAP）2.31%,它们均由分子质量不同、糖苷键为β-构型的多糖组分组成,均含有甘露糖（mannose,Man）、葡萄糖（glucose,Glc）和半乳糖（galactose,Gal）残基,且ACP还含有鼠李糖（rhamnose,Rha）和阿拉伯糖（arabinose,Ara）,AAP还含有少量的木糖（xylose,Xyl）;甲基化分析显示不同多糖具有不同的糖苷键连接方式,POP和LEP以→1,3-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Glc为主要连接方式,ACP以→1,6-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Gal为主要连接方式,而AAP和FVP是以→1,4-β-Glc为主要连接方式;体外免疫活性实验结果表明,5 种多糖在25～400 μg/mL质量浓度范围内无细胞毒性,可不同程度地提高巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和促进巨噬细胞分泌NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）的能力,其中以→1,3-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Glc为主要连接方式的LEP活性最强,以→1,3-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Glc为主要连接方式的POP次之,以→1,6-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Gal为主要连接方式的ACP效果一般,以→1,4-β-Glc为主要连接方式的AAP和FVP效果最差。结论：5 种食用菌多糖具有不同的理化性质和对巨噬细胞的免疫调节活性,且活性大小与多糖是否含有→1,3-β-Glc和→1,6-β-Glc连接方式相关。     

牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应工艺优化及挥发性风味物质分析

目的：对影响牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应产物（Maillard reaction products of oyster enzymatichydrolysates and reducing sugar,MRPs-OEH）风味的因素进行优化,得出最佳的美拉德反应条件,并对其风味进行评价。方法：以感官评分为指标,通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖的美拉德反应条件,根据单因素试验结果,采用响应面分析法确定最优工艺参数,采用电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新鲜牡蛎（freshoyster,FO）、牡蛎酶解产物（oyster enzymatic hydrolysates,OEH）和最优工艺条件下制备的牡蛎美拉德反应产物（optimal Maillard reaction products of oyster enzymatic hydrolysates and reducing sugar,OMRPs-OEH）的风味物质进行比较分析。结果：牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应的最适条件为反应时间29.43 min、反应温度114.62 ℃、反应初始pH 6.97、OEH与还原糖（木糖-葡萄糖质量比2∶1）质量比1∶1,在此条件下MRPs-OEH的综合感官评分为20.88,和预测值20.25比,相对误差约为3.08%。进一步用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对FO、OEH和OMRPs-OEH的风味物质进行分析,分别检出30、36 种和45 种风味化合物。OEH中的主要挥发性成分如癸醛、壬醛、正辛醛、（Z）-2-癸烯醛等,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出腥味、哈喇味和油脂味,经过美拉德反应后,主要挥发性成分变成二甲基三硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、（Z）-4-庚烯醛等,它们综合体现了OMRPs-OEH的贝香味、肉香味和海鲜味,同时产生了一些吡嗪类物质,赋予了其一些坚果-肉香味。结论：美拉德反应不仅改善了牡蛎酶解产物的风味,也为新型牡蛎调味品的开发提供了依据,具有极大的经济和社会价值。     

云南省一起热带紫褐裸伞中毒事件调查及毒素鉴定

目的 对一起热带紫褐裸伞中毒事件进行快速毒素筛查和对患者临床症状及治疗进行讨论,以期为此类事件的处置及临床救治提供参考。方法 利用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱对中毒事件剩余的毒蘑菇进行检测,根据流行病学调查方法,收集病例资料,并结合调查结果和患者的肝肾功能指标进行分析。结果 从中毒患者食用的热带紫褐裸伞中检测出裸盖菇素及毒蝇碱,患者症状与裸盖菇素和毒蝇碱中毒症状相似,表现为幻觉、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等,肝肾功能指标正常。结论 此次中毒事件是由热带紫褐裸伞中的裸盖菇素及毒蝇碱引起。