博湖蘑菇矿物质、脂肪酸成分分析

对博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的矿物质元素及脂肪酸组成进行测定,并与常规栽培种类双孢蘑菇、香菇、金针菇、平菇作比较,结果表明：博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的矿物质元素钙、镁、铁、硒含量丰富,均高于参比食用菌;博湖蘑菇的脂肪酸组成丰富,菌盖中含有12种脂肪酸,菌柄中含有11种脂肪酸,且二者的主要脂肪酸均为亚油酸和棕榈酸,其中亚油酸含量十分突出,在菌盖、菌柄中分别占脂肪酸的71.12%、75.75%,虽略低于香菇但高于其他参比食用菌;博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为74.84%、79.74%,且菌柄的不饱和脂肪酸含量位居参比食用菌之首,不饱和脂肪酸比率又高于双孢蘑菇。     

牡蛎活性多肽的抑菌作用与抗氧化性能研究

使用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶分步酶解牡蛎蛋白,获得含牡蛎活性多肽的酶解产物,并测定了酶解产物对几种陆生致病菌和海洋病原细菌的抑菌活性和体外抗氧化能力.结果表明,牡蛎活性多肽对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio prarhaemolyticus)具有一定的抑制作用,并具有一定的还原能力和对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用.     

牡蛎微波干燥特性及动力学研究

测定不同微波强度下牡蛎干燥水分曲线及失水速率曲线,考察不同微波强度对牡蛎干制品的复水增重率、收缩率、色差等品质方面的影响。结果表明：增大微波干燥强度可提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。在实验条件下,采用中等强度的微波干燥(如5、8W/g),牡蛎微波干燥时间在3.5～30min范围内。牡蛎品质较好。用Page方程建立的牡蛎微波干燥模型,与实验测定值的拟合度较高。     

Effect of pretreatments and drying methods on physico‐chemical,sensory characteristics and nutritional value of oyster mushroom

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatments and drying methods on the chemical, physico‐chemical, sensory characteristics and nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Chemical analysis of oyster mushroom (OM) showed that the values content were increased by many times when calculated on dry weight basis. Nine treatments of dried mushroom powders (DMP) were prepared using three drying methods (hot air drying, vacuum drying, and sun drying). Also, three pretreatments of each method of drying were used (untreated, blanching by steaming without or with steeped in 0.5% citric acid solution for 30 min).The results and statistical analysis revealed that, sun dried oyster mushroom samples (without pretreatments) were found to be the best. The DMP samples resulting of the sun drying had a highest physico‐chemical properties, sensory evaluation scores, and contents of the mineral elements and amino acids as compared to other pretreatments and drying methods.

Practical applications

Fresh mushrooms have high water content, high enzymatic activity and hence are highly perishable. Thus, in this study nine treatments of dried mushroom powders (DMP) were prepared using three drying methods (hot air drying, vacuum drying and sun drying).Also, three pretreatments of each method of drying were used (untreated, blanching by steaming without or with steeped in citric acid).The DMP samples (untreated) resulting of the sun drying were better than other pretreatments and drying methods regarding quality attributes.     

复合酶深度酶解牡蛎制备呈味基料的研究

以牡蛎为原料,选用胰蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶组成复合酶对其进行深度酶解,以水解度和感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验考察了胰蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶比例、酶添加量、酶解pH、酶解温度和酶解时间对牡蛎深度酶解的影响,对牡蛎深度酶解工艺进行优化,并对最优酶解条件下获得的牡蛎深度酶解产物的肽分子量分布和氨基酸组成进行分析。研究结果表明:牡蛎深度酶解最优工艺条件为胰蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶质量比为21、蛋白酶添加量0.1%([E]/[S])、酶解pH 7.5、酶解温度60℃、酶解时间24h,该条件下得到的牡蛎深度酶解产物中分子量3ku的多肽占83.5%,其中含有33.4%的分子量为1~3ku的多肽和50.1%的分子量1ku的多肽。牡蛎深度酶解产物游离氨基酸中必需氨基酸含量为40.51%,鲜味氨基酸含量为17.50%,甜味氨基酸含量为30.60%。     

不同氧分压贮藏条件下金针菇衰老相关酶活性的研究

研究不同氧分压条件下金针菇贮藏过程中抗氧化相关酶活性的变化及其对保鲜效果的影响。在聚乙烯塑料袋中放入金针菇100g、膨润土吸湿剂8g、活性炭6g,分别按0、20%、50%、70%、80%、90%、100%氧气分压充气包装,于1～3℃冷藏,每隔5～7d取样检测。结果显示：80%氧气分压试验组的保鲜效果最好;在贮藏的最初2周,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)等与抗氧化、清除自由基相关的酶活性明显升高,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、纤维素酶(CMCase)等酶活性降低;贮藏2周后SOD、CAT、LOX等酶活性明显减弱,POD、PPO等酶活力明显增强。表明SOD、CAT、LOX等抗氧化酶活性的减弱,导致菇体内O2－ ·、 ·OH、过氧化物等逐渐积累,细胞膜结构受损,细胞内容物外渗增多;纤维素酶对细胞壁降解,导致组织软化出水,酶促褐变活力增强,是致使金针菇衰老、加速变质、品质降低的重要原因。     

食用菌的益生元效应研究进展

肠道微生物在人类健康和疾病预防中起着重要作用。益生元因能对肠道菌群的结构和数量发挥调节作用,成为当前保健食品研究的热点。体内外实验研究表明食用菌对宿主肠道菌群有改善作用,能促进有益菌群(如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌)的代谢和增殖,同时对病原菌(如大肠杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌)有明显的抑制作用。食用菌发挥益生元作用的主要物质基础为其中的非消化性活性多糖。     

离子色谱法测定大白口蘑、绒柄牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌中阴离子含量

采用超声波辅助提取-离子色谱法测定大白口蘑、绒柄牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌3种食用菌中F－、Cl－、NO2、NO3、PO4五种阴离子含量。结果表明：3种样品中,离子含量均表现为NO3＞PO4＞F－＞Cl－,且NO2均未检测出;同一种离子在不同样品中的含量各有差异。本研究为食用菌中阴离子含量的监测提供参考,同时对其他物种的安全监督具有指导意义。     

超声波辅助提取口蘑菌丝体多糖工艺优化

以蒙古口蘑菌丝体为原料,采用超声波技术辅助提取口蘑菌丝体多糖,以超声功率、超声时间、液料比、提取温度进行单因素试验,再通过四因素三水平的正交试验筛选出口蘑菌丝体多糖提取的最佳条件。结果表明:当超声功率为18%(额定功率900 W)、超声时间20 min、液料比401(Vm)、提取温度75℃时,口蘑菌丝体多糖提取率高达13.96%。     

Potential of Cultivated Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms for the Production of Supplements Enriched with Essential Elements

Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom species and there is continuous interest in its bioactive properties. This study evaluated whether it may additionally serve as a nutritional supplement for the trace elements: selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Mushrooms were cultivated on substrates enriched with 0.1 to 0.8 mM of inorganic Se alone or in combination with Zn and/or Cu. Supplementation increased accumulation of the elements in fruiting bodies regardless of the applied cultivation model. G. lucidum demonstrated the ability to accumulate significant amounts of organic Se, maximally amounting to (i) over 44 mg/kg when the substrate was supplemented only with Se, (ii) over 20 mg/kg in the Se+Cu model, (iii) over 25 mg/kg in the Se+Zn model, and (iv) 15 mg/kg in the Se+Cu+Zn model. The accumulation of Cu and Zn steadily increased with their initial substrate concentrations. Maximum concentrations found after supplementation with 0.8 mM amounted to over 55 mg/kg (Se+Zn) and 52 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Zn, and 29 mg/kg (Se+Cu) and over 31 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Cu. The greater the supplemented concentration and number of supplemented elements, the lower the biomass of G. lucidum fruiting bodies. Nevertheless, it still remained high when the substrate was supplemented up to 0.4 mM with each element. These results highlight that G. lucidum can easily incorporate elements from the substrate and that, when biofortified, its dried fruiting bodies may serve as a nutritional source of these essential elements.