真空处理对发芽稻谷中γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响

以籼稻"冈特优37"为原料,在其发芽过程中采用真空处理,研究了真空处理时段及时长对发芽稻谷中γ-氨基丁酸(Gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)含量的影响。结果表明,真空处理在不同发芽时段均能促进GABA的积累,提高谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)的活性,在发芽0～6 h时,促进作用尤为明显;基于此,以发芽0 h为起点,进一步考察真空处理时长对GABA含量的影响,发现发芽开始时处理10 h,发芽稻谷中的GABA含量最高,可达(210.05±4.91)mg/100 g干基,较未经过真空处理的发芽稻谷高出70.38 mg/100 g干基,提高了50.39%。     

基于近红外光谱及邻域粗糙集算法的

为了能够无损、准确检测出稻谷在贮藏过程中的宜存状况,利用近红外光谱技术结合数据分析方法建立了稻谷贮藏品质的鉴别模型。采集1 000～1 800 nm范围内285份样品近红外光谱数据,依据实测脂肪酸值将样品宜存状况划分为宜存、轻度不宜存、重度不宜存三类,采用邻域粗糙集（neighborhood rough set,NRS）算法终选出最优的10个特征波长结合随机森林（random forest,RF）算法所建立的稻谷贮藏品质鉴别模型性能最优,其校正集与测试集正确识别率分别为96.31%和9368%,敏感性和特异性参数分布在0.93～0.99。经分析比较,该模型性能同样优于采用连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）结合RF算法各自建立的分类模型。结果表明,近红外光谱技术结合NRS和RF算法用于稻谷贮藏品质的鉴定是可行的,适用于储粮品质安全现场快速筛查。     

稻谷储藏危害真菌生长与CO2浓度的相关性

采用危害真菌孢子计数法和便携式储粮危害生物快速检测仪法,研究了稻谷储藏过程中危害真菌生长与CO2浓度的关系。选择不同水分的稻谷样品,在不同温度下储藏60 d,采用两种方法对各稻谷样品真菌生长与CO2浓度进行检测,并对检测结果进行相关性分析,其相关系数分别为,r2=0.959 1(25℃)和r2=0.943 9(30℃)。在我国南方某地,选择了3个储藏稻谷的平房仓作为实验仓,每仓设30个采样点,采样深度为0.35 m,对各采样点的真菌生长与粮堆和仓内环境中CO2浓度进行了研究,并对检测结果进行相关性分析,相关系数分别为r2=0.998 4和r2=0.988 7。研究表明,稻谷储藏过程中危害真菌的生长与CO2浓度具有良好的相关性。     

储藏温度对稻谷微生物和脂肪酸值的影响研究

通过模拟储藏,研究了高湿(85%)条件下温度对稻谷微生物区系和脂肪酸值的影响。结果表明:在85%湿度条件下,随着储藏时间的延长,霉菌量和脂肪酸值呈增加的趋势,细菌量呈先增加后减少趋势。方差分析得出储藏温度、时间对稻谷微生物区系和脂肪酸值有显著影响,相关性分析表明霉菌量、脂肪酸值与储藏温度和时间呈显著二元线性关系,而细菌量与储藏温度和时间呈极显著的二元二次曲线关系。进一步的研究表明稻谷脂肪酸值与霉菌量、温度呈极显著的二元线性关系,脂肪酸值随着霉菌量的增加和储藏温度的升高而逐渐增高。     

高效液相色谱法对稻谷及稻谷籽粒中黄曲霉毒素的测定研究

采用免疫亲和柱净化的前处理方法,建立了用甲醇-乙腈-水(28∶17∶55体积比)三元流动相体系分离黄曲霉毒素(G2、G1、B2、B1),柱后光化学在线衍生、高效液相色谱荧光检测器测定稻谷及稻谷籽粒中黄曲霉毒素(G2、G1、B2、B1)的新方法。使用该方法可在20 m in内完成测定,4种黄曲霉毒素的线性关系r值均大于0.999。样品在不同水平的加标回收试验中,回收率为79%~108%,相对标准偏差2.2%~9.5%,黄曲霉毒素G2、G1、B2、B1,的检出限均小于0.40μg/kg,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出限为0.20μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高、简单快速、准确且重复性好。同时运用该方法对稻谷籽粒中黄曲霉毒素的分布进行研究。     

广西2021年早晚籼优质稻主要品种品质测报分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

通过对广西2021年度推广种植的野香优、广粮香2号、百香、丝香四个主要品种系列的早晚籼优质稻谷品种进行采样，按照《优质稻谷》《中国好粮油 稻谷》《广西好粮油 广西香米》标准中规定质量品质指标进行检测，并依据检测数据对四个主要稻谷品种在不同季节、不同种植区域以及同一种植区域不同种植季节品质变化情况进行对比分析研究，寻找优质稻因品种、产地、种植季节不同对其品质的影响规律，为优质稻谷品种的选育和推广种植工作提供科学依据和数据支持，促进广西优质粮食产业和“广西香米”产业进一步发展。     

Effect of paddy variety,milling status and aeration on the progeny emergence of Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

In Sri Lanka, insects cause enormous losses in stored paddy; the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is a devastating insect. The magnitude of losses in stored paddy caused by insects varies with characteristics of paddy but has not yet been fully investigated. Due to the increased concerns on the use of synthetic chemicals, safer alternative pest management strategies for stored paddy are needed. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of paddy variety, milling status and nature of aeration on the progeny emergence of S. oryzae. The experimental design was a three-factor factorial, completely randomized design (CRD).Freshly emerged S. oryzae adults were introduced to un-milled paddy or milled/polished rice belonging to traditional and improved varieties. The samples were maintained either open or airtight, and the progeny adults emerged was determined at monthly intervals. Progeny emergence was lower in the traditional varieties, un-milled paddy and under air-tight condition compared to improved varieties, milled/polished rice and aerated samples, respectively. Overall, the improved variety Bg 300 exhibited the maximum resistance to infestation by S. oryzae. Furthermore, white-colour and long-grain varieties produced lower progeny of S. oryzae than red-colour and short-grain varieties, respectively. It is concluded that the maximum protection in paddy/rice from insect infestation during storage can be achieved by using traditional varieties, stored as un-milled paddy (without dehusked) under airtight condition.     

Enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid in germinated paddy by soaking in combination with anaerobic and fluidized bed heat treatment

Enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated grain could be induced via environmental stresses. Soaking in combination with anaerobic treatment (SA) as well as soaking in combination with anaerobic and heat treatment (SAH) are proposed in this work to increase the GABA content in germinated paddy; the results were compared with that obtained via a conventional germination (soaking) method (CS). The quality of germinated rice prepared from paddy (GP) by CS, SA and SAH after shade drying and fluidized bed drying in terms of the GABA content, number of fissured kernels and textural property was also investigated. The results showed that the GP prepared via SAH had the highest GABA content. The GABA contents in GP prepared by CS, SA and SAH increased 15, 25 and 29 times as compared to that of the un-germinated brown rice, respectively. However, SAH resulted in the higher number of fissured kernels as compared with CS and SA. After fluidized bed drying at 150 °C, the GABA content in GP did not decrease, but the number of fissured kernels of the fluidized bed dried samples was higher than that of the shade-dried samples. However, the head brown rice yield of the fluidized bed dried samples was higher than that of the shade-dried samples. Hardness and stickiness of the fluidized bed dried samples prepared by the three germination methods were not significantly different; exception held nevertheless for the hardness value of the complete kernels obtained via CS.     

Autointoxication mechanism ofOryza sativa

Ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate added as a top dressing and rice straw were incorporated into soil to understand their effect on the chemical nature of the paddy soil and on the growth and yield of rice plants during two successive crop seasons. Redox potential (Eh) determination indicated that the paddy soil appeared to be the reduced form in mixture with rice residues. The amounts of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺—N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ^–—N) were significantly higher in the second crop than in the first crop, and the quantity of NH₄ ⁺—N was about 10 times greater than that of NO₃ ^–—N. The incorporation of rice straw decreased both the available nitrogen and the soil cations, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Na⁺. The quantity of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ was significantly lower in the second crop that that in the first. The growth and yield of rice plants were significantly affected by cultural treatment; thus the ammonium sulfate dressing treatment resulted in higher yields than the potassium nitrate treatment. The NH₄ ⁺—N treatment had an antagonistic effect on the phytotoxic nature of rice straw decomposed in soil. The phytotoxicity (primarily phenolic type compounds) of aqueous extracts of soil varied between treatments and was significantly higher in the soil which had been mixed with rice straw. This finding correlated well with the higher amounts of phytotoxic plant phenolics produced by the decomposing rice residues in the soil.This study was supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China.Paper No. 215 of the Scientific Journal Series, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica.     

北方储藏稻谷真菌多样性分析

本研究选择北方有代表性的地区,以高大平房仓常规储存的稻谷为研究对象,根据仓内储藏环境的差异进行分点分层取样。采用传统方法进行真菌分离纯化,通过形态学和分子系统学相结合进行菌株的分类鉴定,通过研究真菌分布为稻谷储藏过程监控提供一定的指导。结果表明,我国北方地区稻谷储藏期含水量为13.6%～15.6%,每个省储藏稻谷真菌菌落总数范围在10~3～10~4 CFU/g之间;北方储藏稻谷共分离出58种真菌,分布于2门,4纲,6目,13科,16属,主要优势菌阿姆斯特丹曲霉Aspergillus amstelodami和多育曲霉Aspergillus proliferans被划分为灰绿曲霉群及其近缘类群,这类真菌对于仓储环境的适应性较强,可作为北方粮堆异常粮情早期监测预警的主要指示菌群;粮堆上层或靠近墙壁等易受环境温度影响的位置,易达到储藏真菌的生长条件,优势菌群由初始的田间和过渡真菌演替为储藏真菌,是高大平房仓稻谷储存过程中需要重点关注的位置。确定储藏稻谷的优势菌群及仓房重点关注位置,为北方稻谷储藏过程提供了技术参考。