遗产地与保护地综论

从1972年《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》通过以来,在世界范围内具有突出普遍价值的众多不同类型的文化和自然遗产得到了全球的认同和重视。同时,国际上还有其他几种保护计划也非常重要。他们从不同的角度对遗产进行了全球性的保护。中国的保护地类型多样,管理复杂,也存在多种保护体系。遗产地和保护地存在着紧密的联系,对保护体系的全面审视有助于遗产的保护,同时也十分必要。本文对国际上和国内的各类保护体系进行全面的梳理,综合分析这些不同的文化和自然保护体系之间的相互关系,并讨论在我国现实情况下的保护体系的整合和优化,遗产概念的扩展,以及遗产的综合保护与利用。     

工业场地再开发前的污染辨识与风险评估——以电镀企业遗留场地为例

以西南地区电镀企业搬迁遗留的工业场地作为研究对象,采样分析土壤重金属含量水平。结果表明,土壤Cr含量介于22.7～378 mg/kg之间（平均值为72.2 mg/kg）,土壤Ni浓度介于19.8～1 220 mg/kg之间（平均值为127.8 mg/kg）,以《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准（暂行）》(HJ 350-2007)的A标作为评价标准,土壤样品的Ni和Cr浓度超标率分别为12.9%和16.1%,最大超标倍数分别为1.99和24.4。根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2014）对土壤Cr（Ⅵ）进行健康风险评价,所有土壤样品Cr（Ⅵ）浓度所对应的综合致癌风险均超过了可接受风险水平（1.0×10^6）,最大值为1.41×10^-4,暴露途径是经口摄入和呼吸吸入。可见,在工业场地再开发前必须采取措施保障环境安全。     

Quantification of Spatial Temporal Congestion in Four-Dimensional Computer-Aided Design

This paper further develops the models proposed by prior research in the field of workspace conflict using four-dimensional computer-aided design. The approach developed here analyzes spatial demand and supply from the perspective of construction operators, and a modeling methodology based on spatiotemporal utilization is proposed. The utilization factor model is developed to show that the criticality of the operator’s spatiotemporal demand leads to worksite congestion and that congestion is a form of worksite conflict. The interference of other space entities increases the space demand, and this increment is quantified with a “dynamic space interference” index This indicator is developed to identify activity spaces which suffer congestion. A decision making tool, the “congestion penalty indicator,” is developed which obtains a schedule-level value for analysis, evaluation, and comparison. Finally, a case study on the refurbishment of an oil refinery column is used to demonstrate the application of the above concepts in successfully identifying a better schedule with respect to on-site congestion.     

Effect of length and temperature of storage on the ESR signal from various bones in irradiated chicken carcasses

Eighty-four whole, fresh chicken carcasses were randomly allocated to three groups of 28. Half of the carcasses within each group acted as controls (0kGy) and the remainder received an average irradiation dose of 5.27 kGy. The carcasses were then stored at either +20°C, +5°C or -20°C for periods of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84 or 128 days. Bones from four sites within the carcass (tibia, femur, rib and sternum) were removed and prepared for analysis by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The strength of the ESR signal induced in the bones as a result of gamma irradiation was determined by double integration of these signals. The site from which the bone was removed had a highly significant effect on the ESR signal intensity and this response was highly correlated with bone crystallinity. Neither storage time, temperature nor the interaction of these two variables significantly affected the ESR signal strength in the bones from the four sites within the carcass. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for the signal to decrease with time when the samples were stored in dried from at +20°C.     

Effect of heat on microorganisms isolated from freshly caught chilled scad (Trachurus trachurus)

The effects of heat on bacteria making up part of the microFlora of the sea-Fish Trachurus trachurus were studied. From 80 bacterial isolates which were subject to primary identiFication four were selected. The bacteria were subjected to a heat stress of 55°C for 20 s both in pure and mixed suspensions, the D-values and post-stress recovery in nutrient broth were measured. Using differential plating on selective agents to identify sites of injury and recovery times, the growth parameters dissolved oxygen, redox potential and pH were measured during recovery. Bacteria presumptively identiFied as Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas putida were more sensitive to heat than other bacteria, suggesting that most heat treatments of Fish may reduce the number of these bacteria. After dissolved oxygen was used up during recovery in nutrient broth, Eh declined from positive to negative values typical of facultative bacteria showing that, after initial aerobic growth, the bacteria changed their metabolism to grow anaerobically. When dissolved oxygen reached zero, about 120 h after inoculation, the numbers of all bacteria were about 10⁷mL⁻¹, and corresponds to a minimum in the pH values, except for the most heat sensitive isolate (300 h after inoculation). Differential plating showed increased sensitivity to NaCl induced by heat treatments in some isolates.     

Quo ibimus?

This letter complains about sites for the American Psychological Association (APA) convention, which the author considers grossly inadequate. He protests that those in psychology who select convention sites and make arrangements refuse to recognize that APA members are a large group and that most cities are simply too inadequate to handle a meeting of 6,000 some odd people. He suggests limiting convention sites to those cities that are really geared to handle conventions this size, such as New York City, Chicago, and Miami Beach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

磷酸化试剂在食品蛋白质改性中的应用

介绍用于改性食品蛋白质的几种常用的磷酸化试剂、各自的反应机理及各种改性方法对蛋白质功能特性和营养特性的影响 .     

Chemical attraction of hermit crabs and other attendants to simulated gastropod predation sites

Simulated gastropod predation sites were observed in the gulf intertidal near the Edward Ball Marine Laboratory, Sopchoppy, Florida,Fundulus similis, Callinectes sapidus, Melongena corona, Clibanarius vittatus, andPagurus longicarpus were attracted to the sites by small molecules released passively from the flesh of wounded or dead animals. Flesh consumers (F. similis, C. sapidus, andM. corona) were attracted to molecules released from the flesh of bivalves, gastropods, and crabs. Shell users (C. vittatus andP. longicarpus) were attracted only to small molecules from gastropod flesh, withP. longicarpus attendingP. duplicatas sites whileC. vittatus preferentially attendedM. corona, Busycon contrarium, andBusycon spiratum sites. Flesh consumers and shell users may be attracted to the sites by different sets of small molecules. The addition of proteolytic enzymes to the flesh increased the attendants at a site, indicating that the attractant molecules might be amino acids or small peptides. Flesh consumers were attracted to the sites primarily in the first 12 hr while the shell users were attracted from 2 hr to several days postinitiation. New shells were attractive to hermit crabs up to 12 hr after entry by a hermit crab. The shell species of the attendantC. vittatus were in different proportions than the generalC. vittatus population, and the shell fit of theP. longicarpus attendants was not as good as the general population ofP. longicarpus. Significantly moreC. vittatus attended than P. longicarpus, and it was speculated that there were moreC. vittatus in the area with a poor shell fit thanP. longicarpus.     

Occupational Injuries and Fatalities in the Roofing Contracting Industry

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to determine jobs/tasks associated with current injury, illness, and fatality trends in the roofing industry; and (2) to identify current safety practices associated with the prevention of these illnesses, injuries, and fatalities. In order to achieve the project objectives, a survey was designed and sent to Michigan roofing contractors. To design an adequate survey, the research team first collected background information using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics online database, published research, and contractor interviews. Of the 48 roofing companies asked to participate, 24 completed the survey. The survey results indicated that hand and finger injuries due to cutting operations and back injuries due to the manual handling of heavy and bulky materials to be the most frequent roofing contracting task/injury combination. Falls from elevations as well as on the same level typically occurred when carrying heavy and bulky materials such as bundles of shingles on slippery and inclined walking/working surfaces. These findings from this study may assist safety professionals in the construction industry in making effective changes for improving safety and productivity.