Modification of the fat composition of the Iberian pig using Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis

The aim of this work was to study the influence of a diet with probiotic bacteria on the lipid composition of different tissues from Iberian pigs. Cholesterol and fatty acid profiles were measured in liver, subcutaneous fat, and Serratus ventralis muscle samples. Feeding Iberian pigs a mixture of probiotic microorganisms for 45 days prior to slaughter affected the tissue composition. The feeds of the control and probiotic groups were identical except for the added Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (1.28 × 10⁹ cfu/kg feed) in the feed of the probiotic group. The diet with probiotics significantly affected the fatty acid profile of liver, subcutaneous fat and Serratus ventralis muscle samples, but no significant differences were found for the cholesterol content. The livers of the probiotic group contained lower levels of n‐6 fatty acids and higher levels of n‐3 fatty acids. The subcutaneous fat contained lower levels of n‐6 fatty acids. Serratus ventralis muscles from the probiotic group contained a significantly higher percentage of oleic acid than those of the control group. Practical applications: This study deals with the effect of the addition of probiotic bacteria to the diet of pigs on both the cholesterol and fatty acid content. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis can be used in pig feed (Regulation EC no. 2148/2004), but there are no studies about their effects on fresh meat or other tissues, particularly regarding the fat composition. Thus, it is interesting to study how feeding these microorganisms affects the different tissues. Including these microorganisms in the basic diet could serve as a strategy to modify the fat composition and to obtain healthier products from pigs.     

天然植物提取物对生长猪的促生长作用及其内分泌机制的研究

以杜长大三元杂交生长猪为试验对象,研究了在饲粮中添加0.3%天然植物提取物对其的促生长作用及内分泌机制的影响。结果表明:(1)生长猪日增重提高6.90%(P<0.05),饲料转化率提高6.73%(P<0.05);(2)血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量,分别比对照组提高了11.13%(P<0.05)、19.88%(P<0.05)、12.39%(P<0.05)和21.43%(P<0.05)。谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,分别比对照组提高了13.39%(P<0.05)、14.16%(P<0.05)和12.14%(P<0.05);(3)血清中生长激素、类胰岛生长因子分别比对照组提高了21.09%(P<0.05)和17.20%(P<0.05)。三碘甲腺原氨酸、甲状腺素和环腺苷酸含量,分别比对照组增加了16.01%(P<0.05)、17.06%(P<0.05)和19.88%(P<0.05)。     

发酵型猪骨调味料的研制

利用瑞士乳杆菌发酵猪骨酶解液制备发酵型猪骨调味料。结果表明,发酵工艺条件为液体种子种龄9h、接种量9%、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间18h,得到的发酵液苦味消失、氨基态氮含量增加、猪骨风味增强。此发酵液经调配得到发酵型猪骨调味料。     

复鞣剂在猪服装革上的配伍使用研究

本文对猪服装革生产中复鞣材料的搭配使用进行了研究。主要考查了当前国内市场上有代表性的几种复鞣材料，ＰＲ－１，ＡＲＴ－Ｉ，ＤＭ，ＨＳ以及ＫＭＣ。通过单－材料实验确定各种复鞣材料性能，然后进行了这些材料的合理搭配实验，选择出了能体现皮革柔软，丰满，粒面细致，真皮感强，松面率低等流行风格的最佳搭配方案。     

Differences in microbial activity of digesta from three sections of the porcine large intestine according to in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate‐rich substrates

To determine whether faecal microorganisms can represent the entire large intestinal population, samples from caecum, mid‐colon and rectum of three adult pigs were used for the in vitro fermentation of fructo‐oligosaccharide (FOS), potato starch, wheat bran and oat hulls. The cumulative gas production technique measured fermentation kinetics and end‐products such as total gas, NH₃ and volatile fatty acids (VFA). There were significant differences in the fermentability of substrates, in terms of both kinetics and end‐products. More relevant to this study, there were also differences between pigs in respect of total gas production, the rate of gas production (R_M) and VFA production. For large intestine sections, there were more VFA from mid‐colon and rectal inocula compared with that from the caecum (p < 0.0001). Total gas, R_M and NH₃ were highest for rectal, intermediate for mid‐colon and lowest for caecal inocula (p < 0.0001). It was concluded that, while faecal sampling might overestimate caecal fermentation, its use is valid for in vitro assessment of large intestinal fermentation. However, differences between pigs indicate that a mix of samples from several animals remains important. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

猪血中血红素提取条件的比较

目的:选择由猪血中提取血红素的最佳条件。方法:采用新鲜猪血抗凝离心后取血球,水浴加热溶血后,用3%盐酸丙酮提取血红素,提取液加鞣酸/氯化锶沉淀分离出血红素。结果:溶血时血球与水的比例以1∶1,抽提时用5倍于血球体积的丙酮,过滤时用细纱布过滤,提取效率较高,而沉淀血红素时加鞣酸或加氯化锶均可,加入量以5g/100mL为佳。结论:提取条件对血红素提取效率有较大影响。     

Welfare,performance and meat quality of fattening pigs in alternative housing and management systems: a review

Conventional husbandry systems for pork production are scrutinized by members of the general public as well as the scientific community. As a response, alternative forms of pig production, such as outdoor housing, organic farming and environmental enrichment are gaining interest. The question arises whether these production systems are indeed able to improve the welfare and health status of the animals, and whether these production systems alter production characteristics and meat or carcass traits. Measures of poor welfare have been described, but evaluating overall welfare is difficult. Certain parameters of alternative housing will improve welfare in some ways but, simultaneously, other welfare problems are inflated, and the weighting of each of these problems is very subjective. Alternative housing systems allow pigs to display species‐specific behaviour and decrease the occurrence of abnormal behaviours by acting on several parameters: indoor versus outdoor housing, floor space/density, floor type, and provision of bedding or other types of environmental enrichment. Evaluating alternative housing systems should be done by looking at all the welfare‐improving factors and the cost of alleviating welfare‐decreasing problems in a given production system. Data in the literature on growth, meat and carcass traits in alternative production systems, are inconsistent, indicating that other factors can play an important role. However, as equal, or in some cases even better, performance can be attained in certain production systems that meet concerns of animal welfare scientists and members of the general public, alternative production forms may be considered preferable. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cannabidiol bioavailability after nasal and transdermal application: effect of permeation enhancers

Context: The nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), has great potential for the treatment of chronic and ‘breakthrough’ pain that may occur in certain conditions like cancer. To fulfill this goal, suitable noninvasive drug delivery systems need to be developed for CBD. Chronic pain relief can be best achieved through the transdermal route, whereas ‘breakthrough’ pain can be best alleviated with intranasal (IN) delivery. Combining IN and transdermal delivery for CBD may serve to provide patient needs-driven treatment in the form of a nonaddictive nonopioid therapy. Objective: Herein we have evaluated the IN and transdermal delivery of CBD with and without permeation enhancers. Materials and Methods: In vivo studies in rats and guinea pigs were carried out to assess nasal and transdermal permeation, respectively. Results: CBD was absorbed intranasally within 10 minutes with a bioavailability of 34–46%, except with 100% polyethylene glycol formulation in rats. Bioavailability did not improve with enhancers. The steady-state plasma concentration of CBD in guinea pigs after transdermal gel application was 6.3 ± 2.1 ng/mL, which was attained at 15.5 ± 11.7 hours. The achievement of a significant steady-state plasma concentration indicates that CBD is useful for chronic pain treatment through this route of administration. The steady-state concentration increased by 3.7-fold in the presence of enhancer. A good in vitro and in vivo correlation existed for transdermal studies. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CBD could be successfully delivered through the IN and transdermal routes.     

Natural incidence of zearalenone in Croatian pig feed,urine and meat in 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of zearalenone (ZEN) in different feed materials and feedstuffs for pigs, as well as in pig urine and pig meat following contaminated feed consumption. In total, 253 feed material and feedstuff samples were collected from Croatian pig farms. The results revealed the presence of ZEN in significant concentrations, the maximal being found in maize (5522 µg/kg), wheat (3366 µg/kg) and pig fattening feed (1949 µg/kg). In farms in which high feed contamination and pig hyperestrogenism were observed, samples of pig urine (n = 30) and meat (n = 30) were retrieved as well. The mean ZEN concentrations in pig urine and pig meat were 206 ± 20.6 µg/L and 0.62 ± 0.14 µg/kg, respectively. Despite high contamination of feedstuffs responsible for farmed pigs’ intoxication, ZEN levels determined in pig meat were shown to be of little significance for human safety.