Polyphenoloxidase Activity and Color of Blanched and High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Banana Puree

The effects of blanching and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments on natural flora evolution, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and color of banana puree adjusted to pH 3.4 and water activity (a_w) of 0.97 were evaluated during 15 days storage at 25°C. Standard plate as well as yeast and mold counts of HHP treated purees were <10 CFU/g throughout storage. Blanching time was found to affect (P<0.05) puree color. HHP treatments retained the initial color of the banana purees. Longer browning induction times and slower browning rates were observed when a longer blanching time was combined with a 689 MPa pressure treatment. A residual PPO activity < 5% was observed in the puree when a 7 min blanch was followed by HHP treatment at 689 MPa for 10 min.     

Synergistic effect of high-intensity ultrasound and β-cyclodextrin treatments on browning control in apple juice

This work evaluated the synergistic effects of combined high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) treatments on inhibiting browning of apple juice and explored the mechanism through simulation system. The combined treatment of 300 W HIU with 0.006 g mL⁻¹ β-CD had a synergistic impact on maintaining juice colour, resulting in a 39.06% reduction in browning degree, only a 36.64% decrease in total phenolic content, and a 17.82% reduction in PPO activity. The inhibition of enzymatic browning in simulated system revealed that HIU suppressed the enzyme (Polyphenol oxidase, PPO) and β-CD inhibited enzyme (PPO) and embedded substrate (polyphenol). The results of spectroscopic analysis showed that the particle-size distribution of PPO narrowed, the content of α-helix in the secondary structure increased, the fluorescence intensity increased, and the maximum wavelength was red-shifted after HIU and β-CD treatment. Changes in structure could further result in PPO activity loss. Hence, the combined treatment could synthetically alleviate the browning of apple juice.     

混浊梨汁加工中PPO热失活条件的研究

研究了热处理梨汁（加或不加防褐变剂）,梨浆使其中的PPO完全及部分失活所需要的温度和时间结果为：在90℃处理果汁10s可使其中的PPO完全失活,而对于果浆则需要90℃处理15s以上.加了防褐变剂的果汁经90℃处理10s可使其中的PPO完全失活.此外,经80℃处理30s以上虽不能使其中的PPO完全失活,但添加的防褐变剂及果汁自身的pH可抑制残余的PPO,从而防止酶促褐变的发生.70℃处理梨汁40s不能防止其中的酶促褐变.     

2002～2003年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2002年7月-2003年6月国外塑料工业的相关期刊资料，介绍了2002年-2003年国外塑料工业的发展情况，提供了世界各大地区塑料的产量、增长率及所占份额，美国、德国、日本、韩国、法国、比利时、中国台湾、加拿大、巴西、西班牙等国家和地区的树脂产量及消费量，各国、各地区塑料原材料的产量、进出口量、国内消费量及人均消费量，以及日本的塑料原材料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)的品种顺序．对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等有关技术作了详细的介绍。     

当前工程塑料改性及加工的主要课题(Ⅱ)

综述了用途广泛的几种工程塑料的改性、加工技术的进步及人们关注的重点。     

A new long-side-chain sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO)/polybenzimidazole (PBI) amphoteric membrane for vanadium redox flow battery

A new amphoteric membrane was prepared by blending long-side-chain sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)(S-L-PPO) and polybenzimidazole(PBI) for vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB) application.An acid–base pair structure formed between the imidazole of PBI and sulfonic acid of S-L-PPO resulted in lowered swelling ratio. It favors to reduce the vanadium permeation. While, the increased sulfonic acid concentration ensured that proton conductivity was still at a high level. As a result, a better balance between the vanadium ion permeation(6.1 × 10-9 cm~2·s~(-1)) and proton conductivity(50.8 m S·cm~(-1)) in the S-L-PPO/PBI-10% membrane was achieved. The VRFB performance with S-L-PPO/PBI-10% membrane exhibited an EE of 82.7%, which was higher than those of pristine S-L-PPO(81.8%) and Nafion 212(78.0%) at 120 m A·cm~(-2). In addition, the S-LPPO/PBI-10% membrane had a much longer self-discharge duration time(142 h) than that of Nafion 212(23 h).     

2001—2002年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2001年7月到2002年6月有关国外塑料工业的相关期刊资料，介绍了2001年到2002年国外塑料工业的发展情况，提供了世界各地域塑料原材料的产量及构成比，日本，美国，加拿大，德国，法国，比利时，墨西哥，芬兰，西班牙等国家的树脂产量，消费量及增长率，以及日本，西欧，北美等地区的不同品种塑料原料消费量和增长率统计，按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯，聚丙烯，聚苯乙烯，聚氯乙烯，ABS树脂），工程塑料（尼龙，聚碳酸酯，聚甲醛，热塑性聚酯，聚苯醚），通用热固性树脂（酚醛，聚氨酯，不饱和树脂，环氧树脂），特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚，液晶聚合物，聚醚醚酮）不同品种的顺序，对树脂的产量，消费量及合成工艺，产品应用开发，树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等有关技术作了详细的介绍。     

Structures and Binary Mixing Characteristics of Enantiomers of 1-Oleoyl-2,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (S-OPP) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (R-PPO)

We performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) experiments of polymorphic structures and binary mixing characteristics of the enantiomers of 1-oleoyl-2,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (S-OPP) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (R-PPO). In the two enantiomers, oleic and palmitic acid moieties are asymmetrically connected at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol groups, with palmitic acid moiety at the sn-2 position. Pure enantiomer samples (>99 %) were synthesized and employed throughout this study. The following results were obtained. (1) A basic feature of the mixture systems of S-OPP and R-PPO is of a eutectic nature due to different polymorphic structures of two enantiomers and the racemic compound of PPO (rac-PPO). (2) Polymorphic behavior of S-OPP and R-PPO was quite similar, both having α-2 and β′-3, whereas rac-PPO contained α _rac-3, β′_rac-2, and β′_rac-3. The DSC measurements showed that the melting points of β′-3 (S-OPP = 35.3 °C and R-PPO = 34.9 °C) were higher than that of β′_rac-3 (31.0 °C). β was not crystallized in the pure enantiomers, and rac-PPO. (3) α_rac-3 was crystallized at low cooling rates (~2 °C/min), whereas α-2 of the two enantiomers was crystallized only with very rapid cooling (~10 °C/min). (4) Triple-chain-length structures were formed in α_rac-3, β′_S-3 (=β′_R-3), and β′_rac-3; α-2 with a double-chain-length structure was formed in both enantiomers. These results indicate the importance of the relationship between subcell packing and glycerol conformation in the polymorphism and mixing characteristics of asymmetric unsaturated–saturated-saturated mixed-acid triacylglycerols.     

Effect of increasing amounts of a linoleic-rich dietary fat on the fat composition of four pig breeds. Part III: Triacylglycerol composition in muscle and fat tissues

Here, we study the triacylglycerol (TAG) profile of four different tissues of the pig (backfat, abdominal fat, and muscles trapezius and longissimus thoracis et lumborum). For this purpose, 48 pigs of four breeds (Landrace, Large White, Duroc and a crossbreed Landrace × Duroc) were given one of four diets containing increasing amounts (0%, 2%, 4% and 8%) of a fat blend rich in linoleic acid. The effects of dietary fat and breed on TAG were tested separately for each tissue, and the results are presented using five TAG composition markers, PLL, PStO, PStL, PStSt and OOO. The increasing linoleic acid content provided by diets 1–4 showed a positive effect on the levels of TAG related to this dietary supply (here represented by PLL), and on those of PStL. This increase was at the expense of TAGs containing mainly fatty acids from de novo synthesis (represented by PStO) and in PStSt and OOO. A comparison of the relative % of change for the five selected TAG markers in the distinct tissues indicates that PLL and PStL show much higher increases in muscle than in adipose tissues, whereas PStO and PStSt show similar percentages of decrease in all tissues. OOO showed a higher % of decrease only in trapezius. Results indicate that the breed has a null or scarce effect on the levels of PLL and PStO. For the remaining TAG markers, Large White showed a higher synthesis of saturated TAG (PStSt and PStL) in fat tissues, but not in muscle. Large White also had the lowest levels of OOO in all tissues, being the breed most susceptible to the changes in dietary linoleic acid content. Moreover, the Landrace showed enhanced deposition of monounsaturated TAG in trapezius muscle and abdominal fat.     

Polyphenol oxidase from bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) and its role in anthocyanin degradation

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. cv. Biqi), and its partial biochemical characteristics were studied. Stable and highly active PPO extracts were obtained using insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) in sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, buffer. The highest PPO activity was observed in the ripe fruits. Optimum pH and temperature for bayberry PPO activity were pH 6.0 and T = 30 °C with 0.1 M catechol as substrate. PPO showed activity using the substrates of catechol, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid, but no activity with the substrates (+)-catechin, p-coumaric acid or caffeic acid. K_m and V_max values were 313 mM and 3.26ΔOD/min/g FW, respectively, with catechol as the substrate. Bayberry PPO did not act directly on cyanidin 3-glucoside but the rate of anthocyanin degradation was stimulated by the addition of gallic acid.