Analysis of Fireground Standard Operating Guidelines/Procedures Compliance for Austin Fire Department

There is general belief that the rate of firefighter injury can be lowered by creating fire service cultures where firefighters more closely follow their training and standard operating guidelines (SOGs). That is, there is a desire to minimize cases where firefighters operate outside of the SOGs. Interestingly, there is scant data on the rate of adherence to SOGs in the fire service. In an attempt to better understand the compliance to fireground standard operating guidelines, an analysis of firefighter compliance to Austin Fire Department’s guidelines was performed. We analyze over 1000 survey responses taken from Austin firefighters on fireground operations over a 1.5 year time frame. This paper does not critique the department’s procedures or the officers’ actions, but simply reports the compliance data and discusses some implications of the data. Austin Fire Department (AFD) in the process of creating their current version of standard operating guidelines developed an initial tactical function assignment rule called the “90/10” rule. This rule states that in 90% of situations, personnel are expected to comply with their SOG specified initial tactical functions. Although this rule was proposed several years ago there had not been testing to indicate if the rule was being upheld. By analyzing the initial tactical functions, we first discuss the rate of adherence to the 90/10 rule. We then conducted a more in-depth study to test if other SOG directives (e.g., tactics) are complied to with the same frequency. There were three specific tactics studied – a size-up tactic, a primary firefighter safety tactic, and a fire attack tactic - which had varying ranges of compliance compared to the “90/10” rule. After examining the compliance data, computer simulations were conducted on the fire attack tactic to better understand how a change in the tactic could affect firefighter working conditions.     

预应力混凝土管桩应用中的若干问题

文章初步小结了预应力管桩在合肥地区应用过程中的若干问题,对其进行分析,寻找对策;并通过工程实例,介绍处理管桩施工中实际问题的过程.     

混凝土梁板强度小偏差对承载力的影响分析

以具体实例对混凝土梁板强度偏差对承载力的影响进行了详细分析,直观反映了混凝土强度偏差对承载力影响的程度,明确了对该类工程质量事件处理的途径。     

某工程桩基础偏位原因分析及加固补强措施

通过一个工程实例,对引起沉管灌注桩偏位、倾斜的原因进行了分析,得出了是由于基坑支护形式不当、桩基础上超堆载等原因造成的结论,给出了采用锚杆静压桩进行桩基础加固补强的处理方案及其主要施工步骤,通过建筑物沉降观测数据证实了加固效果。     

The relationship between particulate air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China

Background

A number of epidemiological studies have examined the adverse effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Also, several studies have investigated the associations between air pollution and specific-cause diseases including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between air pollution and the onset of hypertension.

Objective

To explore the risk effect of particulate matter air pollution on the emergency hospital visits (EHVs) for hypertension in Beijing, China.

Methods

We gathered data on daily EHVs for hypertension, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Beijing, China during 2007. A time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag model was used to evaluate associations between ambient air pollutants and hypertension. Daily mean temperature and relative humidity were controlled in all models.

Results

There were 1,491 EHVs for hypertension during the study period. In single pollutant models, an increase in 10 μg/m³ in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was associated with EHVs for hypertension with odds ratios (overall effect of five days) of 1.084 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.028, 1.139) and 1.060% (95% CI: 1.020, 1.101), respectively.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of ambient particulate matters are associated with an increase in EHVs for hypertension in Beijing, China.     

解析碳益建筑——蓝色星球物流园

由于减缓气候变化亟待需要显著地减少项目开发中CO2的排放,碳益作为一个新概念将会成为项目发展的新趋势。本篇文章回顾了这个概念的形成过程,分析了建筑过程中实现的可能性及其辩证思考。同时以一个典范碳益项目蓝色星球物流园为例,调研并探讨了项目中的原则和策略。从项目中所获得的综合导则将会对同类项目发展有借鉴意义。     

某建筑物开裂分析与治理

在某2层建筑物前铺设市政管道,由于施工不当造成房屋开裂。进行调查与勘察后,分析其产生开裂的原因,并提出采用锚杆静压桩纠偏治理的方案。     

Urinary mercury in people living near point sources of mercury emissions

As part of the European Mercury Emissions from Chlor Alkali Plants (EMECAP) project, we tested the hypothesis that contamination of ambient air with mercury around chlor alkali plants using mercury cells would increase the internal dose of mercury in people living close to the plants. Mercury in urine (U-Hg) was determined in 225 individuals living near a Swedish or an Italian chlor alkali plant, and in 256 age- and sex-matched individuals from two reference areas. Other factors possibly affecting mercury exposure were examined. Emissions and concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) around the plants were measured and modeled. No increase in U-Hg could be demonstrated in the populations living close to the plants. This was the case also when the comparison was restricted to subjects with no dental amalgam and low fish consumption. The emissions of mercury to air doubled the background level, but contributed only about 2 ng/m(3) to long-term averages in the residential areas. The median U-Hg levels in subjects with dental amalgam were 1.2 microg/g creatinine (micro/gC) in Italy and 0.6 microg/gC in Sweden. In individuals without dental amalgam, the medians were 0.9 microg/gC and 0.2 microg/gC, respectively. The number of amalgam fillings, as well as chewing, fish consumption, and female sex were associated with higher U-Hg. The difference between the countries is probably due to higher fish consumption in Italy, demethylated methyl mercury (MeHg) being partly excreted in urine. Post hoc power calculations showed that if the background mercury exposure is low it may be possible to demonstrate an increase in U-Hg of as little as about 10 ng/m(3) as a contribution to ambient mercury from a point source.     

热轧带钢厚差诊断专家系统的数据采集与处理系统

热轧带钢厚差诊断专家系统是基于传感器型的在线实时专家系统, 数据采集与处理系统是该专家系统的重要组成部分。精轧机组信号由传感器采集后, 需进行预处理。数据预处理包括三次预处理, 一次预处理包括速度折算、温度趋势项消除, 使影响厚差的各因素变量周期和幅值不经常改变;二次预处理包括低通滤波和高通滤波; 三次预处理是对低通滤波和高通滤波后的信号分别进行频谱分析, 得到特征参数并进行模糊处理。处理后的数据便可以用于厚差诊断专家系统的推理, 以提高厚差专家系统的命中率。     

砂卵石地层顶管施工技术及纠偏措施

介绍顶管在成都乐山污水治理工程砂卵石地层中施工的设备选型、施工工艺等技术,并对顶进上偏产生的原因进行系统的分析,采取在机头上加铁轨帽沿、纠偏千斤顶安装分油阀等纠偏措施,获得成功。