微波对水稻的诱变效果及应用于育种的可行性研究

作物新品种的选育是农业生产的主要研究课题之一.作为育种的一种方法—辐射育种,特别是高能辐射育种的研究在我国至今已有30多年的历史,据统计已在22种植物上育成243个突变品种,如棉花“鲁棉一号”,水稻“原丰果”,大豆“铁丰18”.诱变获得大量有利用价值的早熟、矮杆、抗病、抗逆,优质及其他特异突变体.因此高能辐射育种走过了一段从开创、曲折到稳步发展的三个阶段.但是由于高能辐射的控制和防护受到一定条件的限制,加上仍属于一种随机的不可重复过程,故作者想寻找一种遗传变异大,突变后代可利用性高和处理方法简便的诱变育种方法.近几年来随着大功率微波技术的发展,有可能对它的生产、工程系统和控制、防护进行广泛的研究与应用.本文就是作者用大功率微波做的一种育种试验.     

Interfaces and programs for classroom experiments in biology

The advantages of the microcomputer as an instrument for the classroom laboratory — adaptability, price and its pedagogical role — are considered. Simple interfaces, including a tension transducer, are described for several physiological experiments. Programs can either be simple presentations of the data collected or be comprehensive with teaching modules, apparatus checks and data filing systems.     

Review of Physiological Psychology.

Reviews the book, Physiological Psychology by Peter M. Milner (see record 1971-03512-000). Milner points out that studies in the field of Physiological Psychology generate at the rate of over 1,000 per year and that for both student and teacher critical evaluation of the literature is increasingly difficult. Accordingly Milner presents a text which, while up to date in content areas, stresses a theory based evaluation approach to the galloping research enterprise. The text begins with elementary matter on physiology and anatomy on the assumption that psychologists are not well grounded in these subjects. Milner has prepared a well organized, well written text. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chitosan Acetate as an Active Coating Material and Its Effects on the Storing of Prunus avium L.

ABSTRACT: In this article, chitosan acetate (CA) was prepared by the method of solid–liquid reaction. CA was a stable faint yellow powder with water solubility. CA kept the same backbone in the chemical structure as the raw material of chitosan, and it also had the similar antibacterial properties with chitosan. CA could form a coating film on the outside surface of the sweet cherries, could effectively retard the loss of the water, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid of sweet cherries, and could induce a significant increase in the peroxidase and catalase activities in the fruit. The CA coating could also increase the ratio of the total soluble solids and titratable acidity in the fruit. The application of CA effectively maintained quality attributes and extended postharvest life of the sweet cherries. The results revealed that the CA salts had potential application in active edible coating materials in the storage of fresh fruit.     

钙处理对中华寿桃采后生理的影响

研究钙处理对中华寿桃果实采后生理的影响.试验结果表明:1.5%的CaCl2溶液处理能够显著降低中华寿桃果实采后的呼吸强度和乙烯释放,延缓桃果硬度和可溶性固形物含量的下降,抑制细胞膜渗透率和出汁率的增加,较好地保持中华寿桃果实的贮藏品质.     

壳聚糖可食用膜对辣椒贮藏生理的影响

研究了10℃时不同浓度壳聚糖可食用膜对辣椒贮藏生理指标的影响,结果表明:壳聚糖可食用膜处理能够明显降低呼吸强度,抑制叶绿素降解,减少贮藏期间辣椒组织中丙二醛的产生,减缓Vc含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活性的降低,延缓辣椒果实的衰老进程.     

植物提取液对辣椒采后病原菌抑制及对根霉病抗性诱导作用

以‘湘研15号’辣椒为试材,分离、鉴定出4 株辣椒采后病原菌,采用生长速率法测定丁香、肉桂、花椒等9 种植物提取液对尖孢镰刀菌、黑色炭疽菌、红色炭疽菌、根霉菌的抑制效果,通过平板梯度稀释法测定植物提取液对上述4 种供试病菌的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC）;通过测定辣椒的病斑直径、发病率、总酚及类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）、过氧化物酶（peroxldase,POD）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活力,研究复合涂膜剂诱导辣椒对根霉病的抗性作用。结果显示,丁香、肉桂提取液对4 种供试病原菌的抑菌率均为100%,对尖孢镰刀菌、黑色炭疽菌、红色炭疽菌和根霉菌的MIC均分别为1.25、2.50、2.50 mg/mL和5.00 mg/mL,MBC均分别为2.50、5.00、5.00 mg/mL和10.00 mg/mL。丁香、肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂能有效抑制辣椒的发病率和减小病斑直径,接种第8天时,与刺伤后接种根霉菌孢子组（CK2）相比,复合涂膜剂组发病率降低了6.67%（P＞0.05）、病斑直径减小了30.35%（P＜0.05）;与刺伤后加无菌水组（CK1）和CK2组相比,复合涂膜剂处理辣椒的PAL活力分别提高了45.91%、24.54%（P＜0.05）;POD活力分别提高了22.15%（P＜0.05）、12.54%（P＞0.05）;PPO活力分别提高了80.00%、28.57%（P＜0.05）;总酚含量分别提高了60.00%、43.74%（P＜0.05）;类黄酮含量分别提高了82.05%、61.36%（P＜0.05）。结论：丁香、肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂能诱导辣椒对根霉病产生抗性,本研究可为开发高效、稳定、无毒无害辣椒防腐保鲜剂提供理论和技术支持。     

Form of calf diet and the rumen. I: Impact on growth and development

Preweaning diet is known to affect rumen tissue appearance at the gross level. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate effects of different preweaning diets on the growth and development of the rumen epithelium and on putative rumen epithelial stem and progenitor cell measurements at the gene and cell levels. Neonatal Holstein bull calves (n = 11) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets. The diets were milk replacer only (MRO; n = 5) or milk replacer with starter (MRS; n = 6). Diets were isoenergetic (3.87 ± 0.06 Mcal of metabolizable energy per day) and isonitrogenous (0.17 ± 0.003 kg/d of apparent digestible protein). Milk replacer was 22% crude protein, 21.5% fat (dry matter basis). The textured calf starter was 21.5% crude protein (dry matter basis). Water was available ad libitum and feed and water intake were recorded daily. Putative stem and progenitor cells were labeled by administering a thymidine analog (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, BrdU; 5 mg/kg of body weight in sterile saline) for 5 consecutive days and allowed a 25-d washout period. Calves were killed at 43 ± 1 d after a 6 h exposure to a defined concentration of volatile fatty acids. We obtained rumen tissue from the ventral sac and used it for immunohistochemical analyses of BrdU (putative stem and progenitor cells) and Ki67 (cell proliferation), gene expression analysis, and morphological measurements via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Epithelial stem and progenitor cell gene markers of interest, analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, were β1-integrin, keratin-14, notch-1, tumor protein p63, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5. Body growth did not differ by diet, but empty reticulorumens were heavier in MRS calves (MRS: 0.67 ± 0.04 kg; MRO: 0.39 ± 0.04 kg). The percentage of label-retaining BrdU basale cells was higher in MRO calves than in MRS calves (2.0 ± 0.3% vs. 0.3 ± 0.2%, respectively). We observed a higher percentage of basale cells undergoing proliferation in MRS calves than in MRO calves (18.4 ± 2.6% vs. 10.8 ± 2.8%, respectively). Rumen epithelial gene expression was not affected by diet, but the submucosa was thicker in MRO calves and the epithelium and corneum/keratin layers were thicker in MRS calves. Presumptive stem and progenitor cells in the rumen epithelium were identifiable by their ability to retain labeled DNA in the long term, changed proliferative status in response to diet, and likely contributed to observed treatment differences in rumen tissue thickness.     

Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: lupeol,mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: a review

There is a demand for feasible methodologies that can increase/maintain the levels of health-promoting phytochemicals in horticultural produce, due to strong evidence that these compounds can reduce risk of chronic diseases. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), ranks fifth among the most cultivated fruit crops in the world, is naturally rich in phytochemicals such as lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids (e.g. gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and vanillic acid). Yet, there is still much scope for up-regulating the levels of these compounds in mango fruit through manipulation of different preharvest and postharvest practices that affect their biosynthesis and degradation. The process of ripening, harvest maturity, physical and chemical elicitor treatments such as low temperature stress, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) and the availability of enzyme cofactors (Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺) required in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified as potential determinants of the concentration of health-promoting compounds in mango fruit. The effectiveness of these preharvest and postharvest approaches in regulating the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit will be discussed. In general spray application of 0.2% iron(II) sulphate (FeSO₄) 30 days before harvest, harvest at sprung stage, storage of mature green fruit at 5 °C for 12 days prior to ripening, fumigation of mature green fruit with 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and/or 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ MeJA for 24 h or 20 and/or 40 µL L⁻¹ NO for 2 h upregulate the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in pulp and peel of ripe mango fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry