EPISODIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ELEVATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN A SMALL,MOUNTAINOUS RIVER IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Suspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quantifying chemical constituents in discharge from coastal watersheds on event‐scale terms. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

双磷酸盐类药物精制工艺

为避免使用醇类溶剂精制双磷酸盐类药物易导致的基因毒性风险和溶剂化合物问题,探讨双磷酸盐类药物的非醇类溶剂精制工艺．采用非醇类溶剂（丙酮和甲基异丁酮）分别对伊班膦酸钠和帕米磷酸钠进行精制,通过滴定法、气相色谱法（GC）等手段测定了精制前后亚磷酸盐含量及产物的残留溶剂．结果表明,采用丙酮和甲基异丁酮的精制效果明显,其亚磷酸盐含量明显下降,残留溶剂均小于5000mg／kg,丙酮和甲基异丁酮作为双磷酸盐类药物的精制溶剂具有较好的开发和应用价值．     

The future sustainability of water supply in Kuwait

Abstract

The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m³/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m³/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose.     

亭子口水利枢纽电站水轮发电机组选型设计及主要技术问题探讨

根据亭子口水利枢纽电站的具体运行特点,参考国内外同类电站资料及机组制造商的设计制造水平,针对亭子口水利枢纽电站水头较低、机组尺寸较大等特点,对水轮发电机组参数、水轮机运行稳定性、定子、转子和推力轴承等机组选型和结构设计中的主要问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策.     

Monitoring access to water in rural areas based on the human right to water framework: a local level case study in Nicaragua

Much effort has gone into the recognition of the human right to water. Without doubt, this milestone influences governance and decision making processes at many scales so it is essential now to shift the discussion from the legal and conceptual framework to practice. Along this line, the article proposes a methodology for monitoring access to water in rural areas using the framework of this human right. The practicality of the approach is demonstrated by a case study carried out in Nicaragua. Different criteria of the right to water were included in surveys and structured interviews that were conducted in rural households and water committees, respectively. A discussion analyzes the advantages and challenges of using this framework. Finally, the approach provides elements for policy making that can be used by different stakeholders in the development and human rights sectors.     

高压水射流技术在向家坝深井泵房排水管道清洗中的应用

向家坝水电站左岸深井泵房内的4条排水管道负责清排大坝注浆过程中的施工用水、消力池渗水、混凝土冷却水等.临近大坝蓄水、首批机组发电,排水管道部分阻塞,无法达到设计排水要求,给大坝蓄水造成了安全隐患.通过分析管道堵塞原因,提出了利用高压水射流技术清洗疏通排水管道的施工工艺,实践表明,向家坝水电站深井泵房排水管道清洗方案安全可靠,效果明显.     

中国钢铁企业环境经营绩效的模糊综合评价

环境经营越来越受到中国企业界的重视。绩效评价具有多因素性、模糊性与综合性等特征。为客观全面评价中国钢铁企业环境经营的绩效水平,在构建环境经营评价指标体系的基础上,利用模糊综合评价方法与层次分析法建立多层次模糊综合评价模型,为企业进行环境经营绩效的评价提供参考。实证分析结果表明,该评价模型和体系具有可操作性。     

轴承腔两相流动流型特征参数及鲁棒性分析

航空发动机轴承腔的润滑设计和换热分析依赖于对轴承腔中润滑介质两相流动特性的理解,依据流型进行轴承腔油气两相介质流动研究是获取流动特性的有效途径。针对通过试验判断油气两相介质流动形式的需要,结合数值分析和试验数据,在辨识能力和试验获取等方面的考虑前提下,提出了辨识航空发动机轴承腔中均相流动与含油滴气/液分层流动两种主要油气两相流型的特征参数——体积含油率和无量纲速度,探讨了两个特征参数在较宽工况范围内保持流型辨识能力的鲁棒性。研究工作对于借助于试验判断油气两相流型,从而可以在严谨理论指导下基于流型进行航空发动机轴承腔润滑介质两相流动特性分析,实现准确高效的润滑设计和换热分析的设计路线实施是很有意义的工作。     

直升机纵向系统鲁棒滑模控制律设计

在建立系统全包线T-S模糊模型的基础上,基于系统品质要求和可测状态约束条件,采用参数鲁棒设计方法,确定反馈控制参数的可用集合,实现等效控制律,相应确定系统的滑模面参数,给出了直升机纵向控制系统的全包线滑模控制律设计结果。仿真结果显示,系统具有较强的抗外界干扰能力,动态品质满足指标要求,表明文中提出的设计方法可行且有效。     

基于时域Neal-Smith准则的人机控制系统设计多目标优化研究

为了获得驾驶员和飞机良好的匹配特性,使用基于人机闭环参考模型的方法将飞行品质的要求引入优化算法,进行飞行控制系统设计。首先使用CAP准则建立飞机等效系统模型。然后,基于时域Neal-Smith准则,通过多目标优化算法一次性得到在不同任务条件下的最优驾驶员模型。根据需要选择相应的驾驶员模型,并与飞机等效系统模型组成人机闭环参考模型,进行飞行控制设计多目标优化。仿真结果显示,文中的算法不仅可以整定控制器参数,根据任务需求选取最优驾驶员模型,还可以利用优化结果进行PIO易感性的分析。