低聚糖类益生元对炼乳品质的影响

目的 为实现炼乳的减糖,研究不同低聚糖类益生元替代蔗糖对炼乳品质的影响。方法 选用低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚木糖、低聚半乳糖四种低聚糖类益生元分别作为蔗糖替代物,研究不同替代比的益生元炼乳体系质构、流变、感官、色泽、晶体大小的变化,得到最佳糖替代益生元及替代比例。结果 综合考虑质构、色泽、晶体大小、喜好度排序感官四种指标表明,低聚果糖炼乳和低聚异麦芽糖炼乳品质较为优良,其中低聚果糖炼乳可接受的替代比为15%以内、低聚异麦芽糖炼乳可接受的替代比为25%以内。进一步通过静态流变学试验表明低聚异麦芽糖是最佳糖替代物质,在炼乳体系中其最佳替代比为15%。结论 糖替代比15%的低聚异麦芽糖炼乳既满足了甜感需求,又实现了减糖的目标,此外益生元的加入赋予了炼乳更多的功能性。该研究可为炼乳产品的减糖开发提供一定的理论依据和技术支持。     

Fractionation of oligosaccharides by nanofiltration

Two loose nanofiltration membranes (NF‐CA‐50 and NF‐TFC‐50) and one dense ultrafiltration membrane (UF‐CA‐1) were used to fractionate commercial oligosaccharide mixtures by applying diafiltration in a ‘dead‐end’ filtration cell at 40 bar constant pressure with a maximum volume concentration ratio (VCR) of 6 at each fractionation. The rejections of a monosaccharide (glucose) and a disaccharide (lactose) were determined for each membrane; the results indicated that fractionation between these two sugars was possible using the two nanofiltration membranes. During the nanofiltration purification of a commercial oligosaccharide mixture, yields of 19% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 88% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides were obtained with the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane after four filtration steps, indicating that removal of the monosaccharides is possible with only minor losses of the oligosaccharide content of the mixture. The ultrafiltration membrane, at the same time, gave purification levels similar to the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane with fewer diafiltration steps but with higher losses of di‐ and oligosaccharides (12% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 53% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides on the third run). © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

益生元、多酚、蛋白质和多不饱和脂肪酸对肠道健康的影响

肠道微生态与人体健康息息相关,肠道菌群失衡会导致人体出现多种疾病。食品功能因子通过调节肠道微生态平衡进行机体防御、疾病防治、健康恢复等。本文在列举肠道微生态失衡诱发的机体疾病基础上,综述了益生元、多酚、蛋白质和多不饱和脂肪酸等部分食品功能因子对肠道微生态的影响,以期为疾病的预防和治疗提供新的思路与方法。      

植物乳杆菌活菌片剂产品的功能性与稳定性研究

本研究以一株具有润肠通便功能的植物乳杆菌为研究对象,研究其活菌片剂产品的功能与稳定性,通过检测植物乳杆菌581的生长曲线和终点pH评价其对不同益生元的利用效率,采用小鼠便秘模型评估低聚果糖和植物乳杆菌581制成的片剂产品的功效,通过监测产品在4℃和28℃贮存6个月的活菌数、水分含量和水分活度评价产品稳定性。实验结果表明,低聚果糖是与植物乳杆菌581配伍制成片剂产品的优选益生元。以植物乳杆菌581与低聚果糖为主要功能成分所制备的活菌片剂产品连续7 d灌胃便秘模型小鼠能有效改善小鼠的肠道功能,具有润肠通便的功效。其中,低聚果糖能够促进植物乳杆菌581更好的发挥润肠通便功能。同时,该片剂产品在4℃储藏条件下可有效维持其活菌数达到10¹⁰ CFU/g,从而充分发挥该产品的益生功能。     

High Acetate Concentration Protects Intestinal Barrier and Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer Cultures from Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Short-chain fatty acids as well as their bacterial producers are of increasing interest in inflammatory bowel diseases. Although less studied compared to butyrate, acetate might also be of interest as it may be less toxic to epithelial cells, stimulate butyrate-producing bacteria by cross-feeding, and have anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective properties. Moreover, one of the causative factors of the probiotic potency of Saccharomyces cerevisae var. boulardii is thought to be its high acetate production. Therefore, the objective was to preclinically assess the effects of high acetate concentrations on inflammation and barrier integrity in organoid-based monolayer cultures from ulcerative colitis patients. Confluent organoid-derived colonic epithelial monolayers (n = 10) were exposed to basolateral inflammatory stimulation or control medium. After 24 h, high acetate or control medium was administered apically for an additional 48 h. Changes in TEER were measured after 48 h. Expression levels of barrier genes and inflammatory markers were determined by qPCR. Pro-inflammatory proteins in the supernatant were quantified using the MSD platform. Increased epithelial resistance was observed with high acetate administration in both inflamed and non-inflamed conditions, together with decreased expression levels of IL8 and TNFα and CLDN1. Upon high acetate administration to inflamed monolayers, upregulation of HIF1α, MUC2, and MKI67, and a decrease of the majority of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed. In our patient-derived human epithelial cell culture model, a protective effect of high acetate administration on epithelial resistance, barrier gene expression, and inflammatory protein production was observed. These findings open up new possibilities for acetate-mediated management of barrier defects and inflammation in IBD.     

Gut Microbiome Changes in Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common endocrine pathologies during pregnancy, is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first discovery in the perinatal period. Physiological changes that occur in pregnant women can lead to inflammation, which promotes insulin resistance. In the general context of worldwide increasing obesity in young females of reproductive age, GDM follows the same ascending trend. Changes in the intestinal microbiome play a decisive role in obesity and the development of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). To date, various studies have also associated intestinal dysbiosis with metabolic changes in women with GDM. Although host metabolism in women with GDM has not been fully elucidated, it is of particular importance to analyze the available data and to discuss the actual knowledge regarding microbiome changes with potential impact on the health of pregnant women and newborns. We analyzed peer-reviewed journal articles available in online databases in order to summarize the most recent findings regarding how variations in diet and metabolic status of GDM patients can contribute to alteration of the gut microbiome, in the same way that changes of the gut microbiota can lead to GDM. The most frequently observed alteration in the microbiome of patients with GDM was either an increase of the Firmicutes phylum, respectively, or a decrease of the Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla. Gut dysbiosis was still present postpartum and can impact the development of the newborn, as shown in several studies. In the evolution of GDM, probiotic supplementation and regular physical activity have the strongest evidence of proper blood glucose control, favoring fetal development and a healthy outcome for the postpartum period. The current review aims to summarize and discuss the most recent findings regarding the correlation between GDM and dysbiosis, and current and future methods for prevention and treatment (lifestyle changes, pre- and probiotics administration). To conclude, by highlighting the role of the gut microbiota, one can change perspectives about the development and progression of GDM and open up new avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic targets in this disease.     

肠道微生物蛋白质的发酵与肠道健康的关系

人体内蛋白质发酵主要发生于结肠末端,会产生一些不利于健康的代谢产物如氨类、胺类、酚类化合物和硫化物等。一些重要的肠道疾病如大肠癌、溃疡性结肠炎的发生都集中于结肠末端,这与在该部位的蛋白质的高度发酵有关。流行病学研究表明,高肉类食物通常与大肠癌的发生呈正相关性,这是因为高肉食的摄入不仅增加了蛋白质在大肠中的含量,而且还增加了脂肪、荷尔蒙和杂环胺的摄入,这些物质对大肠癌的发生也起到促进的作用。然而,肠道健康和蛋白质的发酵之间的潜在关系还没有得到充分的研究,本文就蛋白质在肠道发酵所产生的一些潜在危害化合物及其在体内代谢循环的研究进行综述。     

海洋生物新材料中益生元的开发与应用

海洋益生元主要包括一些功能性低聚糖、微藻及天然产物等,具有调节蛋白质、脂肪和矿物质代谢以及调节免疫功能的作用.本文介绍了海洋生物新材料中一些主要的新益生元物质例如螺旋藻、甲壳低聚糖等的研究现状,与陆源益生元物质作了比较,讨论了其特殊的免疫激活和风味改善等作用,并对海洋生物新材料中益生元物质的开发作了展望.可以预见,从海洋生物新材料中将不断开发出能满足人类健康需求的丰富多样的益生元物质。