改性粉煤灰对含镍废水的吸附研究

探讨了改性粉煤灰处理含镍废水的影响因素,结果表明：改性粉煤灰的除镍性能与废水pH值、吸附时间、反应温度等因素有关。当pH小于7时,吸附起主导作用,随着pH值的升高,沉淀逐渐起主导作用。通过动力学及热力学研究表明：改性粉煤灰对含镍废水的吸附符合班厄姆吸附动力学方程及Langmuir吸附等温式,即符合单分子层吸附理论,且为自发、吸热过程。     

非平衡等离子体消除乙硫醇

采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体对乙硫醇进行消除实验,探索了气体流量（停留时间）、气流中水分含量对消除率的影响规律。结果表明,随着气体流量的增大,乙硫醇在反应器内的停留时间减小,能量密度减小,消除率降低;消除率随水分含量的变化并非呈单方向增大或减小,而是存在一个最佳范围,从实验结果来看,水分含量为3.2～3.5 g/m3,消除率明显高于水分含量低于3.2 g/m3或高于3.5 g/m3时的消除率。采用GC-MS、FTIR和SGA94-SO2型单项气体分析仪等仪器对乙硫醇的消除产物进行了分析,主要产物为CO2、H2O和SO2,未检测到有机产物。根据实验数据分析了乙硫醇的反应动力学特征,发现乙硫醇在脉冲电晕等离子体体系中的反应符合一级反应动力学特征,反应速率常数为0.0729 s－1。     

羟基化锌催化臭氧化水中痕量p-CNB的动力学和机理

以实验室制备的羟基化锌(ZnOOH)为催化剂,探讨了其催化水中臭氧分解和降解水中痕量对氯硝基苯(p-CNB)的途径,并通过ESR实验验证了自由基反应机理。结果表明：ZnOOH可促进水中臭氧分解,使其一级分解速率常数提高了187%。反应20 min时,O₃/ZnOOH对p-CNB的去除可以达到96.1%,比单独O₃提高了1倍多。ZnOOH催化臭氧分解过程中促进了羟基自由基生成,用叔丁醇捕获生成的羟基自由基后,ZnOOH催化臭氧氧化p-CNB的反应速率常数降低了至少10倍。催化剂表面羟基含量与催化臭氧化水中p-CNB的效果之间没有直接的关系。当溶液pH值接近表面零质子电荷点pH_pzc即表面几乎电中性时,O₃/ZnOOH降解p-CNB效果最好。     

聚乙二醇接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯的聚合动力学研究

以过氧-2-乙基己酸叔丁酯为引发剂,进行了聚乙二醇(PEG)存在下的醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)本体接枝聚合,考察了各VAc:PEG配比下聚合速率、PEG上PVAc的接枝率、PVAc的接枝效率、PEG的被接枝效率以及接枝共聚物的分子量随聚合时间的变化规律.结果发现,随配方中VAc配比的增加,聚合速率与极限转化率明显增加,聚合反应出现明显的自动加速现象;当VAc:PEG配比较大时,综合速率参数K随聚合时间不断上升,当VAc:PEG配比较低时,K随聚合时间呈下降趋势.各VAc:PEG配比下PVAc的接枝率几乎都随转化率的增大而线性地增加,接枝效率则几乎不随聚合时间而变;接枝率的大小正比于VAc:PEG配比,接枝效率则普遍较高,低VAc:PEG配比时,接枝效率可达95%以上;PEG的被接枝效率虽随转化率和VAc:PEG配比的增加而明显增加,但总体仍较低,表明聚合体系中有相当多一部分PEG未被接枝.高的VAc接枝效率和低的PEG被接枝效率表明,该Graft From接枝聚合体系中,可能存在着Graft Onto的接枝聚合机理.根据定义用来计算PEG-g-PVAc的数均分子量,发现随聚合转化率的增大而减小,并逐渐趋于常数,配方中VAc浓度越大越大;由GPC测试、PVAc普适校正计算发现,接枝聚合产物的分子量分布指数在1.5～2.5 之间,且随单体浓度和转化率的增加而增大.这些均与聚合体系的凝胶效应有关.     

The adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution on modified peat-resin particle

Modified peat was prepared by mixing thoroughly raw peat with sulfuric acid, and modified peat-resin particle was obtained, by mixing modified peat with solutions of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and formaldehyde. In this paper, the adsorption of Basic Magenta and Basic Brilliant Green onto modified peat-resin particle is examined. The adsorption isotherm showed that the adsorption of basic dyes on modified peat-resin particle deviated from the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to fit the experimental data. By comparing the standard deviation, it was found that the intraparticle diffusion model could be used to well describe the adsorption of two basic dyes on modified peat-resin particle. According to the change of intraparticle diffusion parameter, the adsorption processes could be divided into different stages. The kinetics experiment also indicated that initial dye concentrations, particle dose and particle size could affect the adsorption processes of basic dyes.     

酸性环境中钙质胶结砂岩的化学损伤模型

针对大部分工程中常见的砂岩最可能、最不利的化学环境---酸性环境中的力学性质的衰变、弱化问题,对钙质胶结长石砂岩进行了室内不同pH值溶液的模拟试验,对所得到的抗压强度试验及CT扫描试验结果进行了分析与总结,发现砂岩中主要胶结物CaCO3的溶解是岩石强度和变形衰减的主要原因,在此基础上利用化学动力学理论和损伤力学理论提出了可应用于酸性溶液的岩石化学损伤强度模型,并用室内实验结果对所提模型进行了检验与验证。     

Oxidation behavior of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes in high-temperature steam

To evaluate the oxidation behavior of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes in high-temperature steam, laboratory-scale isothermal oxidation tests were conducted using the following advanced fuel cladding tubes with burnups of up to 85 GWd/t: M-MDA^TM, low-tin ZIRLO^TM, M5®, and Zircaloy-2 (LK3). These oxidation tests were performed in steam-flowing conditions at temperatures ranging from 1173 to 1473 K for durations between 120 and 4000 s, and the oxidation kinetics was evaluated. The oxidation kinetics of the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens estimated by assuming the parabolic rate law was comparable to or slower than that of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimens reported in a previous study. It is considered that the protective e?ect of the corrosion layer hindered oxidation. Furthermore, no increase in the oxidation kinetics because of the pre-hydriding was observed. The onset times of the breakaway oxidations of these cladding tube specimens were comparable to those of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes reported in previous studies. Therefore, it is considered that the burnup extension up to 85 GWd/t and the use of the advanced fuel cladding tubes do not significantly increase the oxidation kinetics and do not significantly reduce the onset time of the breakaway oxidation.     

基于EFEN-SP3方法的pin-by-pin中子动力学计算方法研究

为能直接给出安全分析所需的最热棒功率而不引入组件均匀化近似和精细功率重构近似,本文研究了基于栅元均匀化的pin-by-pin中子动力学计算方法。通过全隐式向后差分对多群时空中子动力学方程组的时间变量进行离散,采用指数函数展开节块-SP₃（EFEN-SP₃）方法求解含裂变介质的多群中子固定源方程组,通过高阶源展开技术消除了中子源分布与缓发中子先驱核分布形状不一致的问题。采用Ks因子、LW外推和粗网再平衡等加速技术提高计算效率。三维pin-by-pin中子动力学问题的数值结果表明：pin-by-pin中子动力学计算能直接给出单棒功率密度分布;高阶源展开技术可有效抑制计算偏差随时间步的累加效应;加速技术可将SP₃动力学计算的求解速度提高134.9倍。     

碱性硫化物浸出含锑金精矿过程中金的浸出动力学研究

分别在20～70℃、硫化钠浓度20～80g/L范围内对含锑难冶炼金矿碱性湿法脱锑过程中金的浸出动力学进行研究。结果表明:在该范围内碱性硫化钠浸出锑金矿,金的表观活化能E_a=10.948kJ/mol,表观活化能较小,表明在考察范围内,金浸出主要受反应物扩散过程控制;在碱性硫化钠浸金过程中,仅从表观速率来看该反应未达到平衡时,硫化钠在溶解金的反应中级数为3.07。     

Fe-Si-B非晶带材高温氧化行为及回收工艺

??In order to reduce the oxidative burning loss of Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbon in the recovery process?? the oxidation behavior of Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbon was studied. The results show that the oxidation of Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbon at high temperature is related to the heating rate. The oxidation weight gain of Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbon at 5 and 10K/min from room temperature to 1223K are 44% and 31% respectively. There is an oxide layer with loose texture and a small amount of microcrack at the interface between the sample and atmosphere by SEM. The oxide layer contains a large amount of Fe2O3 and a little SiO2 by XRD. Oxidation kinetics curve shows that the oxidation weight gain of the samples follows a linear rule within 5hours at 1073 and 1173K?? then a parabolic rule. At 1273K?? however?? it only follows a linear rule?? meanwhile the oxidation speed is very fast?? with the oxidation weight gain reaches 40% in 12min. The oxidation weight gain in the amorphous ribbon recycling process can be reduced through cutting down the furnace gas temperature?? compressing the waste ribbon and unqualified products in the packaging process and blowing argon to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen in the furnace. Thus the slag decreases to 9-10g when 1kg waste ribbon is recovered?? and the Si content of liquid alloy increases to 8. 9%.