铸造车间节能降耗的途径

淮北矿业集团机电装备公司铸造车间通过科学调度、技术改进、新技术应用、开发新产品、采取了一系列的工艺措施和技术手段,在节能降耗方面进行了有益的探索,取得了较好的经济效果。     

软锰矿悬浮还原焙烧试验研究

对广西新振锰业集团软锰矿的工艺矿物学特性进行了研究, 利用粉状锰矿具有粒度细、比表面积大、化学反应快的特点, 对粉状锰矿进行了悬浮闪速还原焙烧半工业实验研究, 找出了二氧化锰还原转化率最优时的最佳操作参数。结果表明:悬浮闪速还原焙烧反应工艺具有较宽温度、气氛、固气比的操作范围, 系统运行稳定可控。悬浮闪速还原反应炉温度1 050～950 ℃, 反应炉入口气体CO浓度4.5％～7.5％, 反应炉中固气比0.5～0.8 kg/m³的条件下, 1 min内二氧化锰转化率达到了90%以上, 焙烧产品经过磁分离提纯, 可以除去30%以上的铁矿物, 产品锰铁比由3.04提高到4.04。用稀硫酸对还原产品进行浸出试验, 锰浸出率高达85%以上, 远远高出原矿在同样条件下的10%左右的浸出率。     

Assessment of the impact of the European CO2 emissions trading scheme on the Portuguese chemical industry

This paper describes an assessment of the impact of the enforcement of the European carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions trading scheme on the Portuguese chemical industry, based on cost structure, CO₂ emissions, electricity consumption and allocated allowances data from a survey to four Portuguese representative units of the chemical industry sector, and considering scenarios that allow the estimation of increases on both direct and indirect production costs. These estimated cost increases were also compared with similar data from other European Industries, found in the references and with conclusions from simulation studies. Thus, it was possible to ascertain the impact of buying extra CO₂ emission permits, which could be considered as limited. It was also found that this impact is somewhat lower than the impacts for other industrial sectors.     

The emissions,energy consumption,and growth nexus: Evidence from the commonwealth of independent states

This study examines the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and real output within a panel vector error correction model for eleven countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States over the period 1992–2004. In the long-run, energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions while real output follows an inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The short-run dynamics indicate unidirectional causality from energy consumption and real output, respectively, to carbon dioxide emissions along with bidirectional causality between energy consumption and real output. In the long-run there appears to be bidirectional causality between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.     

Evaluating carbon dioxide emissions in international trade of China

China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO₂). As exports account for about one-third of China's GDP, the CO₂ emissions are related to not only China's own consumption but also external demand. Using the input–output analysis (IOA), we analyze the embodied CO₂ emissions of China's import and export. Our results show that about 3357 million tons CO₂ emissions were embodied in the exports and the emissions avoided by imports (EAI) were 2333 million tons in 2005. The average contribution to embodied emission factors by electricity generation was over 35%. And that by cement production was about 20%. It implies that the production-based emissions of China are more than the consumption-based emissions, which is evidence that carbon leakage occurs under the current climate policies and international trade rules. In addition to the call for a new global framework to allocate emission responsibilities, China should make great efforts to improve its energy efficiency, carry out electricity pricing reforms and increase renewable energy. In particular, to use advanced technology in cement production will be helpful to China's CO₂ abatement.     

Greenhouse gas emissions in China 2007: Inventory and input–output analysis

For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the Chinese economy in 2007 with the most recent statistics availability, a concrete inventory covering CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O is composed and associated with an input–output analysis to reveal the emission embodiment in final consumption and international trade. The estimated total direct GHG emission amounts to 7456.12 Mt CO₂-eq by the commonly referred IPCC global warming potentials, with 63.39% from energy-related CO₂, 22.31% from non-energy-related CO₂, 11.15% from CH₄ and 3.15% from N₂O. Responsible for 81.32% of the total GHG emissions are the five sectors of the Electric Power/Steam and Hot Water Production and Supply, Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals, Nonmetal Mineral Products, Agriculture, and Coal Mining and Dressing, with distinctive emission structures. The sector of Construction holds the top GHG emissions embodied in both domestic production and consumption, and the emission embodied in gross capital formation is prominently more than those in other components of the final consumption characterized by extensive investment in contrast to limited household consumption. China is a net exporter of embodied GHG emissions, with emissions embodied in exports of 3060.18 Mt CO₂-eq, in magnitude up to 41.04% of the total direct emission.     

The embodied energy and environmental emissions of construction projects in China: An economic input–output LCA model

A complete understanding of the resource consumption, embodied energy, and environmental emissions of civil projects in China is difficult due to the lack of comprehensive national statistics. To quantitatively assess the energy and environmental impacts of civil construction at a macro-level, this study developed a 24 sector environmental input–output life-cycle assessment model (I–O LCA) based on 2002 Chinese national economic and environmental data. The model generates an economy-wide inventory of energy use and environmental emissions. Estimates based on the level of economic activity related to planned future civil works in 2015 are made. Results indicate that the embodied energy of construction projects accounts for nearly one-sixth of the total economy's energy consumption in 2007, and may account for approximately one-fifth of the total energy use by 2015. This energy consumption is dominated by coal and oil consumptions. Energy-related emissions are the main polluters of the country's atmosphere and environment. If the industry's energy use and manufacturing techniques remain the same as in 2002, challenges to the goals for total energy consumption in China will appear in the next decade. Thus, effective implementation of efficient energy technologies and regulations are indispensable for achieving China's energy and environmental quality goals.     

On the optimal selection of wall cladding system to reduce direct and indirect CO2 emissions

Buildings have direct and indirect impacts on the CO₂ emissions. This paper presents a study on the impact of wall systems and cladding materials on the CO₂ emissions and aims to analyse the performance of those systems in order to provide designers with reliable technical data. The studied systems include stucco, masonry veneer, aluminium siding, vinyl siding and the exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). To evaluate the economic performance, environmental performance and embodied energy, green building modelling system was used, while to estimate the impact of operational energy, a simulation model was first used and then simple bottom-up model constructed. A sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to determine the relative influence of each system on a representative educational building. It was found that some cladding materials reduce the direct CO₂ emissions, but provide a moderate reduction in terms of operational energy, and vice versa. Others positively impact the embodied energy and environmental performance and can optimise the operational energy performance. Therefore, a careful evaluation should be carried out in selecting wall cladding systems and finishing materials in order to reduce the CO₂ emissions effectively.     

Potential impact of (CET) carbon emissions trading on China’s power sector: A perspective from different allowance allocation options

In Copenhagen climate conference China government promised that China would cut down carbon intensity 40–45% from 2005 by 2020. CET (carbon emissions trading) is an effective tool to reduce emissions. But because CET is not fully implemented in China up to now, how to design it and its potential impact are unknown to us. This paper studies the potential impact of introduction of CET on China’s power sector and discusses the impact of different allocation options of allowances. Agent-based modeling is one appealing new methodology that has the potential to overcome some shortcomings of traditional methods. We establish an agent-based model, CETICEM (CET Introduced China Electricity Market), of introduction of CET to China. In CETICEM, six types of agents and two markets are modeled. We find that: (1) CET internalizes environment cost; increases the average electricity price by 12%; and transfers carbon price volatility to the electricity market, increasing electricity price volatility by 4%. (2) CET influences the relative cost of different power generation technologies through the carbon price, significantly increasing the proportion of environmentally friendly technologies; expensive solar power generation in particular develops significantly, with final proportion increasing by 14%. (3) Emission-based allocation brings about both higher electricity and carbon prices than by output-based allocation which encourages producers to be environmentally friendly. Therefore, output-based allocation would be more conducive to reducing emissions in the Chinese power sector.     

Experimental study of inlet manifold water injection on combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection Diesel engine

This paper describes an experimental study conducted on a modern high speed common-rail automotive Diesel engine in order to evaluate the effects on combustion and pollutant emissions of water injected as a fine mist in the inlet manifold.