Explaining the differential distribution of Clean Development Mechanism projects across host countries

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol represents an opportunity to involve all developing countries in the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while also promoting sustainable development. To date, however, the majority of CDM projects have gone to emerging markets such as China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, while very few least developed countries have hosted projects. This paper investigates the differential distribution of CDM activities across countries. We develop a conceptual model for project profitability, which helps to identify potential country-level determinants of CDM activity. These potential determinants are employed as explanatory variables in regression analysis to explain the actual distribution of projects. Human capital and greenhouse gas emission levels influenced which countries have hosted projects and the amount of certified emission reductions (CER) created. Countries that offered growing markets for CDM co-products, such as electricity, were more likely to be CDM hosts, while economies with higher carbon intensity levels had greater CER production. These findings work against the least developed countries and help to explain their lack of CDM activity.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from the international maritime transport of New Zealand's imports and exports

Greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime transport are exempt from liabilities under the Kyoto Protocol. Research into quantifying these emissions is ongoing, and influences policy proposals to reduce emissions. This paper presents a cargo-based analysis of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand's international maritime transport of goods. Maritime transport moves 99.5% (by mass) of New Zealand's internationally traded products. It is estimated that 73% of visiting vessels' activity can be directly attributed to the movement of goods in and out of New Zealand. A cargo-based methodology was used to estimate that the international maritime transport of New Zealand's imports and exports consumed 2.5 million tonnes (Mt; 2.6 billion litres) of fuel during the year 2007, which generated 7.7 Mt of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Double-counting of emissions would occur if a similar method was applied to all New Zealand's trading partners. In contrast, since few large vessels refuel in New Zealand, the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory listed 2007 international maritime transportation emissions as 0.98 Mt of CO₂, calculated from fuel bunkered for international transport. The results, therefore, show a significant difference between activity-based and bunker-fuel methodologies in quantifying New Zealand's emissions. International policy implications are discussed.     

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of sugarcane ethanol production in Mexico

The purpose of this work was to estimate GHG emissions and energy balances for the future expansion of sugarcane ethanol fuel production in Mexico with one current and four possible future modalities. We used the life cycle methodology that is recommended by the European Renewable Energy Directive (RED), which distinguished the following five system phases: direct Land Use Change (LUC); crop production; biomass transport to industry; industrial processing; and ethanol transport to admixture plants. Key variables affecting total GHG emissions and fossil energy used in ethanol production were LUC emissions, crop fertilization rates, the proportion of sugarcane areas that are burned to facilitate harvest, fossil fuels used in the industrial phase, and the method for allocation of emissions to co-products. The lower emissions and higher energy ratios that were observed in the present Brazilian case were mainly due to the lesser amount of fertilizers applied, also were due to the shorter distance of sugarcane transport, and to the smaller proportion of sugarcane areas that were burned to facilitate manual harvest. The resulting modality with the lowest emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO_2e) was ethanol produced from direct juice and generating surplus electricity with 36.8 kgCO_2e/GJ_ethanol. This was achieved using bagasse as the only fuel source to satisfy industrial phase needs for electricity and steam. Mexican emissions were higher than those calculated for Brazil (27.5 kgCO_2e/GJ_ethanol) among all modalities. The Mexican modality with the highest ratio of renewable/fossil energy was also ethanol from sugarcane juice generating surplus electricity with 4.8 GJ_ethanol/GJ_fossil.     

CO2 emissions of Turkish manufacturing industry: A decomposition analysis

In this study, CO₂ emissions of Turkish manufacturing industry are calculated by using the fuel consumption data at ISIC revision 2, four digit level. Study covers 57 industries, for the 1995–2001 period. Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is used to decompose the changes in the CO₂ emissions of manufacturing industry into five components; changes in activity, activity structure, sectoral energy intensity, sectoral energy mix and emission factors. Mainly, it is found that changes in total industrial activity and energy intensity are the primary factors determining the changes in CO₂ emissions during the study period. It is also indicated that among the fuels used, coal is the main determining factor and among the sectors, 3710 (iron and steel basic industries) is the dirtiest sector dominating the industrial CO₂ emissions in the Turkish manufacturing industry.     

Effects of 30% v/v biodiesel/diesel fuel blend on regulated and unregulated pollutant emissions from diesel engines

Two Euro 3 commercial trucks fuelled with a 30% v/v biodiesel/diesel fuel blend (B30) and pure diesel fuel were tested in laboratory under the standard driving conditions (UDC and EUDC driving cycles) and the CADC “URBAN” test cycle, in order to evaluate the fuel consumption, regulated (CO, HC, NO_x, PM) and unregulated emissions (aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).     

Pollutant emissions of burners for steam reformers for residential power supply

The cogeneration of heat and power by means of a fuel cell based CHP unit is a promising option for efficient residential power supply. For most applications natural gas is used as fuel. One main component of such a CHP unit is a fuel processor in order to generate hydrogen from the natural gas with hydrogen thermal power output of about 6 kW. Usually the steam reforming process is used for hydrogen production. In order to meet the heat demand of the endothermic steam reforming process the fuel processor is equipped with a burner, which has to work with natural gas during start up phase and mainly with the low calorific anodic off gas of the fuel cell stack during normal operation.The presented work is focused on aspects of the main pollutant emissions (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide) of burners integrated into the reformer. Experimental investigations of two different burners, which were developed and adapted to the steam reformer requirements, in a real fuel processor environment show, that it is possible to operate both burner concepts with high and low calorific gases with very low pollutant emissions in order to compete with emissions of current heating boilers, which are in the range of 15 mg kWh⁻¹ for CO and of 20 mg kWh⁻¹ for NO_x by adjusting suitable excess air ratios in the range of 1.2-1.4.But it is also demonstrated, that the efficiency of the fuel processor is influenced by the excess air ratio. An increase of the air ratio from 1.05 to 1.45 leads to an decrease of the efficiency from 80% to 76%. This results in a conflict of objectives between low pollutant emissions and high system efficiencies. The choice of a suitable burner concept and the definition of a suitable operation strategy can be based on the presented results. Additionally, aspects like fuel processor geometry, flame monitoring, pressure drop in the burner feed gas line as well as in the flue gas duct, investment costs and safety items have also to be considered for the burner selection.     

炼钙还原渣和煤矸石制备聚合氯化铝的研究

采用煅烧后的煤矸石酸浸液与炼钙还原渣反应制备聚合氯化铝（PAC）。考察了炼钙还原渣投加量、反应时间和反应温度对PAC性能的影响,并采用红外、热重分析对其进行表征,结果表明：向酸浸液中加入一定量炼钙还原渣,在95 ℃下反应4 h,便可得到三氧化二铝质量分数为28.1%、盐基度为68.9%的固体PAC,符合GB/T 22627—2014《水处理剂 聚氯化铝》的要求。     

降低泡沫混凝土吸水率的研究现状及展望

泡沫混凝土作为一种新型的无机保温材料,在各个领域得到广泛应用。但较高的吸水率是目前泡沫混凝土普遍存在的缺陷,严重影响了泡沫混凝土的耐久性和使用效果。本文结合近年来国内外在泡沫混凝土吸水率方面的研究情况,介绍了减水剂和防水剂在泡沫混凝土中的应用研究,指出了目前的研究中存在的不足,展望了降低泡沫混凝土吸水率的研究方向。     

Environmental effect on the impact of ferrofluid on Caulerpa Racemosa Oil methyl ester from marine macroalgae

This paper investigated the role of emission characteristics of a diesel engine when ferrofluid blended with Caulerpa Racemosa oil methyl ester (CROME) is used as a fuel. The major problem areas for compression ignition (CI) engines are emissions. Nanofluid using magnetite was synthesized by reacting Iron II (FeCl₂) and Iron III (FeCl₃) in aqueous ammonia (H₅NO) solution to form magnetite ferrofluid (Fe₃O₄). The fuel that was used in the CI engine was prepared comprising 98.7% [CROME], 1% [Fe₃O₄], and 0.3% [(CH₃)₃NOH] by volume. The results show that the CI engine works well and the power outputs are steady running with the biodiesel blends at different loads. The acquired information was studied and it was found that there was a decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and smoke.     

还原气氛下渣-锍两相平衡反应

通过考察还原气氛下熔渣与锍相之间的平衡情况,研究了渣-锍两相反应的影响因素及机理,探讨了还原产物的分配规律。结果表明,熔渣碱度提高有利于锍相还原反应的进行,添加CaS抑制锍相的还原。由于锍相成分及密度不同出现分层现象,造成锍相在熔渣中的夹杂损失。CaS与金属铁具有互斥性,当熔渣中CaS质量分数超过0.9%之后,渣相中几乎没有金属铁的存在;在选取的实验条件下,CaS在渣、锍两相的平衡分配比维持在0.5左右。