Greenhouse gas emissions from the international maritime transport of New Zealand's imports and exports

Greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime transport are exempt from liabilities under the Kyoto Protocol. Research into quantifying these emissions is ongoing, and influences policy proposals to reduce emissions. This paper presents a cargo-based analysis of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand's international maritime transport of goods. Maritime transport moves 99.5% (by mass) of New Zealand's internationally traded products. It is estimated that 73% of visiting vessels' activity can be directly attributed to the movement of goods in and out of New Zealand. A cargo-based methodology was used to estimate that the international maritime transport of New Zealand's imports and exports consumed 2.5 million tonnes (Mt; 2.6 billion litres) of fuel during the year 2007, which generated 7.7 Mt of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Double-counting of emissions would occur if a similar method was applied to all New Zealand's trading partners. In contrast, since few large vessels refuel in New Zealand, the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory listed 2007 international maritime transportation emissions as 0.98 Mt of CO₂, calculated from fuel bunkered for international transport. The results, therefore, show a significant difference between activity-based and bunker-fuel methodologies in quantifying New Zealand's emissions. International policy implications are discussed.     

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of sugarcane ethanol production in Mexico

The purpose of this work was to estimate GHG emissions and energy balances for the future expansion of sugarcane ethanol fuel production in Mexico with one current and four possible future modalities. We used the life cycle methodology that is recommended by the European Renewable Energy Directive (RED), which distinguished the following five system phases: direct Land Use Change (LUC); crop production; biomass transport to industry; industrial processing; and ethanol transport to admixture plants. Key variables affecting total GHG emissions and fossil energy used in ethanol production were LUC emissions, crop fertilization rates, the proportion of sugarcane areas that are burned to facilitate harvest, fossil fuels used in the industrial phase, and the method for allocation of emissions to co-products. The lower emissions and higher energy ratios that were observed in the present Brazilian case were mainly due to the lesser amount of fertilizers applied, also were due to the shorter distance of sugarcane transport, and to the smaller proportion of sugarcane areas that were burned to facilitate manual harvest. The resulting modality with the lowest emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO_2e) was ethanol produced from direct juice and generating surplus electricity with 36.8 kgCO_2e/GJ_ethanol. This was achieved using bagasse as the only fuel source to satisfy industrial phase needs for electricity and steam. Mexican emissions were higher than those calculated for Brazil (27.5 kgCO_2e/GJ_ethanol) among all modalities. The Mexican modality with the highest ratio of renewable/fossil energy was also ethanol from sugarcane juice generating surplus electricity with 4.8 GJ_ethanol/GJ_fossil.     

Pollutant emissions of burners for steam reformers for residential power supply

The cogeneration of heat and power by means of a fuel cell based CHP unit is a promising option for efficient residential power supply. For most applications natural gas is used as fuel. One main component of such a CHP unit is a fuel processor in order to generate hydrogen from the natural gas with hydrogen thermal power output of about 6 kW. Usually the steam reforming process is used for hydrogen production. In order to meet the heat demand of the endothermic steam reforming process the fuel processor is equipped with a burner, which has to work with natural gas during start up phase and mainly with the low calorific anodic off gas of the fuel cell stack during normal operation.The presented work is focused on aspects of the main pollutant emissions (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide) of burners integrated into the reformer. Experimental investigations of two different burners, which were developed and adapted to the steam reformer requirements, in a real fuel processor environment show, that it is possible to operate both burner concepts with high and low calorific gases with very low pollutant emissions in order to compete with emissions of current heating boilers, which are in the range of 15 mg kWh⁻¹ for CO and of 20 mg kWh⁻¹ for NO_x by adjusting suitable excess air ratios in the range of 1.2-1.4.But it is also demonstrated, that the efficiency of the fuel processor is influenced by the excess air ratio. An increase of the air ratio from 1.05 to 1.45 leads to an decrease of the efficiency from 80% to 76%. This results in a conflict of objectives between low pollutant emissions and high system efficiencies. The choice of a suitable burner concept and the definition of a suitable operation strategy can be based on the presented results. Additionally, aspects like fuel processor geometry, flame monitoring, pressure drop in the burner feed gas line as well as in the flue gas duct, investment costs and safety items have also to be considered for the burner selection.     

炼钙还原渣和煤矸石制备聚合氯化铝的研究

采用煅烧后的煤矸石酸浸液与炼钙还原渣反应制备聚合氯化铝（PAC）。考察了炼钙还原渣投加量、反应时间和反应温度对PAC性能的影响,并采用红外、热重分析对其进行表征,结果表明：向酸浸液中加入一定量炼钙还原渣,在95 ℃下反应4 h,便可得到三氧化二铝质量分数为28.1%、盐基度为68.9%的固体PAC,符合GB/T 22627—2014《水处理剂 聚氯化铝》的要求。     

降低泡沫混凝土吸水率的研究现状及展望

泡沫混凝土作为一种新型的无机保温材料,在各个领域得到广泛应用。但较高的吸水率是目前泡沫混凝土普遍存在的缺陷,严重影响了泡沫混凝土的耐久性和使用效果。本文结合近年来国内外在泡沫混凝土吸水率方面的研究情况,介绍了减水剂和防水剂在泡沫混凝土中的应用研究,指出了目前的研究中存在的不足,展望了降低泡沫混凝土吸水率的研究方向。     

Environmental effect on the impact of ferrofluid on Caulerpa Racemosa Oil methyl ester from marine macroalgae

This paper investigated the role of emission characteristics of a diesel engine when ferrofluid blended with Caulerpa Racemosa oil methyl ester (CROME) is used as a fuel. The major problem areas for compression ignition (CI) engines are emissions. Nanofluid using magnetite was synthesized by reacting Iron II (FeCl₂) and Iron III (FeCl₃) in aqueous ammonia (H₅NO) solution to form magnetite ferrofluid (Fe₃O₄). The fuel that was used in the CI engine was prepared comprising 98.7% [CROME], 1% [Fe₃O₄], and 0.3% [(CH₃)₃NOH] by volume. The results show that the CI engine works well and the power outputs are steady running with the biodiesel blends at different loads. The acquired information was studied and it was found that there was a decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and smoke.     

还原气氛下渣-锍两相平衡反应

通过考察还原气氛下熔渣与锍相之间的平衡情况,研究了渣-锍两相反应的影响因素及机理,探讨了还原产物的分配规律。结果表明,熔渣碱度提高有利于锍相还原反应的进行,添加CaS抑制锍相的还原。由于锍相成分及密度不同出现分层现象,造成锍相在熔渣中的夹杂损失。CaS与金属铁具有互斥性,当熔渣中CaS质量分数超过0.9%之后,渣相中几乎没有金属铁的存在;在选取的实验条件下,CaS在渣、锍两相的平衡分配比维持在0.5左右。     

常减压原油混炼装置的多目标协同优化

本文基于遗传算法开发了一套多目标协同优化策略,用以优化运行中的常减压原油混炼装置,同步优化了其经济效益、加热炉能耗和二氧化碳排放量三个目标函数,并且研究了三个目标函数之间的相互关系。本次研究通过软件集成实现优化算法的运行,当计算出最大经济效益、最小加热炉能耗和最小二氧化碳排放量时,即获得了Pareto解集,从而解决了炼厂的实际问题。优化结果表明,在维持现有加热炉负荷和二氧化碳排放量的基础上,通过调节原油混炼比,经济效益仍有较大的增长趋势。     

氧化铁气基还原过程的气体氧化动力学

 为了研究氧化铁气基还原过程的气体氧化过程,给出了气基还原单个/单层氧化铁颗粒（球团）的气体利用率计算公式,并建立了氧化铁还原及还原气体氧化的耦合动力学模型。结合氢气还原单颗粒氧化铁以及氧化铁固定床、流化床还原试验得出,在还原分数较低时,气体利用率较高,但是随着还原分数的提高,气体利用率不断下降、还原时间明显延长。缩小颗粒粒度、提高反应速率常数（温度、优质还原剂、催化剂等）等措施有利于提高还原分数和气体利用率;单纯提高气体速度（增加气矿比）,有利于提高还原分数,但是使气体利用率降低。     

本钢新1号高炉降低瓦斯灰碳含量攻关

研究以高炉炼铁降本增效为最终目标,以降低本钢新1号高炉瓦斯灰碳含量为切入点,利用显微试验分析瓦斯灰中碳的主要来源是焦炭。并在此基础上,从提高焦炭质量和优化装料制度两个方面采取具体措施来降低瓦斯灰中的碳含量,从而实现降低燃料消耗的目标。实践证明,通过提高焦炭质量和优化装料制度,新1号高炉瓦斯灰中的碳质量分数从45.19%降低至30.56%,焦比和燃料比均降低10kg/t以上。但是与国内先进企业相比,仍存在较大差距,操作制度依然有很大优化空间。