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71.
近年来铈(Ce)基脱硝催化剂成为低温脱硝领域的研究热点,按载体类型可分为金属氧化物催化剂、二氧化钛载体催化剂、分子筛载体催化剂、活性炭及氧化铝载体催化剂等。按催化剂种类分别介绍了掺杂改性、制备工艺、反应条件等对催化剂性能的影响,并阐述了可能的原因机理。目前,铈基催化剂大多处于实验室阶段,工业化应用尚存在问题,尤其作为低温脱硝催化剂,活性中心堵塞问题更加突出,并且催化剂成本较高。未来可从催化剂制备工艺入手解决催化剂成型问题,以实现工业应用。同时探讨催化剂中毒机理,进一步提升其抗中毒能力。另外,寻求适宜的材料与铈掺杂组合,达到高效脱硝和经济效益最大化。 相似文献
72.
铁基载氧体是一种具有工业应用前景的载氧体,但存在氧利用率低、在高温下易烧结等问题。虽可通过制备双金属复合载氧体或添加惰性组分改进其性能,但均存在一定缺陷。若将活性组分和惰性材料融入到一个晶体结构制备尖晶石结构载氧体,则可实现利用双金属协同作用提高载氧体活性的同时,利用Al3+提高载氧体的稳定性。采用共沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的NiFeAlO4载氧体,考察了制备方法、载氧体与煤质量比对NiFeAlO4载氧体化学链燃烧特性和循环稳定性的影响,并分析了载氧体对煤转化过程的作用。结果表明,溶胶凝胶法制备的NiFeAlO4载氧体具有更好的反应性,载氧体与煤质量比为20∶1时,碳转化率为86.7%,远高于煤单独热解时的碳转化率(34%),此时CO2体积分数为93.6%。对反应前后NiFeAlO4载氧体晶相结构和形貌进行分析,表明循环过程中经“还原-氧化”后生成的NiO和载氧体颗粒团聚是导致载氧体活性下降的主要原因。相较于载热作用,NiFeAlO4载氧体在煤化学链燃烧中主要起供氧作用,其不仅会促进挥发分向煤气的转化,且NiFeAlO4载氧体与焦炭之间也存在固-固反应,利于更多CO2的生成。 相似文献
73.
74.
The force needed to pull a cylindrical stud from a soft elastomeric film depends on their elastic and geometric properties. For a rigid stud and a thick elastomeric film, the pull-off stress (σ) depends on the elastic modulus (E) of the film and the radius (a) of the stud as σ ∼ (E/a)1/2 (soft adhesion). However, when the film is very thin, the pull-off stress is significantly higher than the case with thick films, and its value depends on the elastic modulus and the thickness (h) of the film as σ ∼ (E/h)1/2 (hard adhesion). Here, we study the pull-off behavior of a soft cylindrical stud, one flat end of which is coated with a high modulus thin baseplate. As the flexural rigidity of this baseplate is varied, we observe the transition between the two types of adhesion. We present a simple physical interpretation of the problem, which could be of value in understanding various biofouling and adhesive situations. 相似文献
75.
Summary Copolymeric poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) hydrogels for three different compositions: (90/10), (80/20) and (60/40),
have been studied. Drug release has been examined as a function of the hydrogel composition by HPLC (High Pressure Liquid
Cromatography). The release experiments were carried out at 37 °C. The fraction of available drug release was linear in t1/2. The values of the diffusional coefficient (0.50<n<1.0) indicate that the nafcillin release mechanism from the hydrogels
in study is non-Fickian. The diffusion coefficients for this drug release have been calculated. The molecular diffusion of
nafcillin through hydrogels is controlled by the swelling. 相似文献
76.
David B. Dusenbery 《Journal of chemical ecology》1989,15(3):971-977
In order to assess the possible function of pulsed release of windborne pheromones, calculations were performed to predict the concentration pattern downwind of the source. Two patterns of pulsed releases (sinusoidal and instantaneous) were compared to a constant release pattern. In all three cases, the average rate of release was the same. Assuming the receiving animal needs only a momentary exposure to concentrations above threshold to respond, it is clear that sinusoidal release has a greater distance of detection than constant release and that instantaneous release is even better. The relative magnitude of the increase in range of detection depends on the ratio of average release rate to threshold concentration. Pulsed releases have a greater advantage when the threshold is high and the range of attraction is inherently short. Under these conditions, sinusoidal release can double the range of attraction and instantaneous release can increase it 10-fold. In contrast, with a low threshold and consequent long range of attraction, the pulsed patterns are lost and the increase in range is insignificant. Several testable predictions are derived from the hypothesis that the primary function of pulsed release is to extend the range and time over which a given quantity of pheromone can act. 相似文献
77.
The constrained blister test is investigated through finite element analysis to determine the applicabilities and the limitations of the new technique. Numerical results confirm that the strain energy release rate asymptotically approaches a constant value. These results also show that the test technique and the approximate solution for strain energy release rate are applicable for some practical cases. 相似文献
78.
吸附型固载二氧化氯释放特性的测定与应用研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
通过实验研究 ,定义并测定了吸附型固载二氧化氯的释放特性参数 ,并以临界释放速率UC =0 .0 0 5μg/(h·cm3)作为释放终点 ,将其分为长效、快速和中速释放 3种类型。长效型释放速率峰值Umax <2 0 μg/(h·cm3) ,峰值时间τmax >360h ,有效释放时间τcs >60d ;快速释放型Umax >60 μg/(h·cm3) ,τmax <1 2h ,τcs <7d ;中速释放型则处于两者之间。讨论了固载二氧化氯释放特性的控制方法和不同类型产品的适用范围 ,为产品释放特性的定量研究和应用开发提供了依据。 相似文献
79.
N. E. Ermolin 《Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves》2007,43(5):549-561
To verify the adequacy of various models of heat release in ammonium dinitramide flame to real processes, chemical processes
in products of thermal decomposition at a pressure of 10 torr and in ammonium dinitramide [ADN; NH4N(NO2)2] flame at a pressure of 0.4 to 60 atm are numerically simulated. The calculations are performed on the basis of a detailed
kinetic mechanism and boundary conditions correlated with experimental data, thermodynamic properties, and chemical composition
of ADN. The kinetic mechanism includes submechanisms that describe high-temperature chemical processes in NH3/N2O/NO/NO2/HNO2/HNO3 and NH3/HN(NO2)2 mixtures, and the global stages of aerosol decomposition. Based on calculated and experimental data, the role of dinitraminic
acid HN(NO2)2, aerosols, and ADN vapor in heat release in the ADN flame zone adjacent to the burning surface is estimated. The calculations
predict that the main source of heat release in the cold flame zone at p ≥ 3 atm is dinitraminic acid incoming through the channel of dissociative evaporation ADNliq → NH3 + HN(NO2)2 from the burning surface. In the high-temperature flame zone, heat release is caused by the reaction that occurs in the NH3/N2O/NO/NO2/HNO2/HNO3 mixture. At moderate pressures, the high-temperature and low-temperature zones are separated by an induction zone. The stage
governing production of the OH radical, which plays an important role in combustion, in the induction zone is the reaction
HNO3 + M → OH + NO2 + M. Because of a high activation energy of the stage, small temperature perturbations in the induction zone at low pressures
lead to a finite change in the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface. Therefore,
small temperature perturbations in the induction zone, which are caused by admixtures in the sample or by heat transfer between
the reacting gas and the ambient medium, may be responsible for disagreement between various experimental data and between
experimental and calculated data on the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface.
In numerical calculations, the position of the high-temperature zone is effectively controlled by varying rate constants of
elementary stages within admissible limits.
__________
Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 64–76, September–October, 2007. 相似文献
80.
This paper presents a new job release (JR) and scheduling methodology for one-stage parallel machines where sequence dependent setup times exist. A decision support system (DSS) based on job release is developed in order to enable the application of the methodology. First, mathematical programming models for both job release and job scheduling are devised. Then, due to the NP-hard nature of the problems, heuristics are proposed. As for the interaction between JR and scheduling, job scheduling is integrated with job release for the proposed heuristic solutions so that the capacity achievement provided by scheduling can be utilized for job release. In brief, product design characteristics oriented scheduling affects JR in the proposed approach. Moreover, value stream mapping (VSM) approach is used with the aim of stating the effect of the proposed methodology. Furthermore, the presented methodology was applied in a real life electric wire-harness production system. The application, based on 120-day production data, revealed that the proposed methodology provided 25% decrease in in-plant manufacturing lead time. 相似文献