Oxidation of porous nanocrystalline titanium nitride. II. Scale structure and composition

We have used x-ray phase analysis to study the composition of the products of reaction between oxygen and nanocrystalline powders with particle sizes 15, 40, 55, and 80 nm, and also specimens pressed (and sintered) from them. The powders were oxidized in air at 100°C (400 h) to 500°C (5 min), while the sintered specimens were oxidized at 600–900°C for 15, 120, and 240 min. In all cases, in the initial oxidation step the oxynitride Ti(O_xN_y) is formed, which over time is oxidized to TiO, Ti₂O₃, Ti₃O₅, TiO₂ (anatase) and TiO₂ (rutile). In the range 600–800°C, formation of a continuous oxide layer and conversion of anatase to rutile slows down diffusion of oxygen in the scale. We have established that at 900°C, the growth rate of the scale thickness increases and so the reflections from the oxynitride are barely noticeable on the diffraction patterns taken from the surface of the oxidized specimen. In these diffraction patterns, along with strong reflections from the rutile, we also observed weak reflections from lower oxides and anatase, which may be due to reaction between oxygen and the titanium ions diffused to the scale surface. We have concluded that at T > 850°C, the mechanism for oxidation of TiN changes. This is due to superposition of counterdiffusion of titanium ions on the diffusion of oxygen. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3–4(448), pp. 72–78, March–April, 2006.     

Phase equilibria in the system Al-Rh

Methods of differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, microstructural analysis and electron probe microanalysis are used to study alloys of the Al-Rh system over the whole concentration range. It is established that the phase of equiatomic composition AlRh melts congruently at 2060°C and it has an extended range of homogeneity (45.1–54.2 at.% Rh). The solubility of aluminum in rhodium reaches 9 at.%, decreasing to 6 at.% at 850°C. Coordinates are determined for the eutectic point l ⇆ AlRh + 〈Rh〉 as 70 at.% Rh and 1715°C. The existence of intermediate phases, their crystal structure, and also the method of forming phases in the field of composition rich in aluminum given in publications are confirmed. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 5–6(449), pp. 48–56, May–June, 2006.     

（Ba1-xSrx）（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3微波介质陶瓷温度系数的异常

研究了（Ba1-xSrx）（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3微波介质陶瓷温度系数的非线性变化以及异常的原因。根据CM公式，随着系统中Sr（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3的增多，τc的异常是由于氧八面体的畸变导致的相转变（对称性降低）所造成的（晶体结构由无序立方相向有序赝立方相的连续变化）。相转变的发生相应影响了极化以及极化模式，这是造成τc异常的根本原因。     

Imaging the domain pattern of the canted magnetization state in Co/Pt multilayer films

The exact magnetization pattern of magnetic films close to a spin-reorientation transition is difficult to analyze due to the intrinsically three-dimensional (3d) variation of the orientation of the local magnetization. We present a technique how this can be performed, based on the analysis of high quality 2d polarization maps from a single scanning electron microscope with polarization analysis (SEMPA) measurement with tilted sample. The key tool is the statistical distribution of all occurring polarization doublets, visualized in a 2d histogram plot. From the shape of the distribution the type of transition—canted-phase, or coexisting phases—can be inferred. For the canted-phase state, the canting angle can be accurately determined from geometrical considerations. With help of the histogram the image data can be analyzed and the three components of the magnetization can be calculated for most points of the image. For a Co/Pt multilayer film we found a cone state. The magnetization forms a complex pattern consisting of out-of-plane domains while the in-plane magnetization shows a maze pattern.     

Changes in polymer foils used in food packaging tested by using differential scanning calorimetry

This work is an experimental study of the differential scanning calorimetry characterisation of polymer materials used in food packaging materials, such as polypropylene (0.03 mm), polyethylene (0.1 and 0.03 mm), poly(D-(-)-Β-hydroxybutyrate) (powder), two-layered polypropylene (0.064 mm), and two-layered polypropylene with poly-vinylidene-chloride (0.012/0.021). The polymer stability was checked by simulation of conditions during food preparation in microwave ovens, sterilisation or rapid freezing. The materials were tested in the temperature range from 40 to 200‡C at different scan rates from 2 to 30°C min⁻¹ during heating or cooling. The enthalpies show a high correlation coefficient (0.964) with scan rate. All samples undergo phase change in the temperature range from 107 to 173°C during heating and enthalpies are in the range from 31.8 to 71.1Jg⁻¹. Upon subsequent cooling from 200°C, the temperature range of phase changes is shifted to lower temperatures from 86 to 102°C with enthalpies ranging from 30.4 to 57.8 J g⁻¹. Experiments with exposure of polymers to microwave radiation and freezing prove that the phase change considering the temperature range is very similar in all experiments.     

An investigation of the unstable region for dense phase conveying in sliding bed flow

For fine powdered materials, capable of being conveyed in dense phase, a conveying region exists in which instability in flow and pipeline blockage can occur if the pressure gradient available is insufficient to maintain a minimum value of solids loading ratio. A reduction in material flow rate can also lead to pipeline blockage in this region. Conveying trials under-taken with cement are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.     

尺度目标识别中的若干技术问题

从工程应用的角度阐述了现代鱼雷常用的尺度目标识别原理，讨论了影响识别距离的若干因素和措施，提出了小尺度模拟靶通过亮点延时算法以弥补尺度不足及其试验技术，试验结果表明，该方法可以获得良好效果。     

New approach to environmentally benign epoxidation: the solid-phase-system using urea–H2O2 and recyclable dodecatungstate on apatite

On the basis of new concept using a solid disperse phase we have developed an efficient catalytic solid-phase-system for epoxidations of alkenes using urea–hydrogen peroxide (urea–H₂O₂) complex and cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate ((CetylPy)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]) catalyst on fluorapatite (FAp). The recovered solid catalyst phase was reused to keep the catalytic activity after several times. In the conceptual idea it is a key point that in situ solid-phase-activation of the catalyst with urea–H₂O₂ proceeds to form microcrystals of the active species dispersed on the solid phase. The dispersion of the catalyst on FAp in the case of tungstic acid (H₂WO₄) was suggested by EPMA analysis. We proposed the peroxo type of species keeping the parent polyoxometalate framework as novel active species from FT-IR spectroscopic studies. FAp phase plays important roles of dispersing the active species on its surface to have high catalytic activity and of stabilizing the active species to lead to high reusability.     

应用在地下工程施工中的新技术（Ⅱ）

为有效保护地面上的生态环境，开发利用地下空间资源并营建新世纪的地下水城，在新的21世纪里将会建造更多的地下工程以满足人们生产生活的各种需要。文中介绍了地下工程施工中采用的逆作法、盾构法、新奥法、沉管隧道、顶管工程和大型沉井施工新技术，供同行们参考应用。     

The relationship among oxygen content, defect distribution and superconductivity in BiSrCaCuO systems

The effect of oxygen content on superconductivity of the 2212 and 2223 phase has been studied. By comparing the excess oxygen, the modulation vector, the XRD patterns, and the electric resistivity of 2212 and 2223 phase samples obtained with different post-annealing conditions, i.e., annealing at 600°C or quenching from 860°C, it was found that the super-conductivity is markedly influenced by both the defect distribution in non-Bi layers and the interstitial oxygens incorporated in the Bi-O layers. A tentative explanation for this is given.