丛枝菌根(AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量研究

为了考察丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量效果,以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为实验材料在不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)含量的基质中进行水稻盆栽试验.对比分析了水稻根部AMF的侵染状况,及其对水稻生长的促进作用,并在此基础上探讨了AMF强化在农业面源污染化肥减量中的作用.结果表明:自然基质中土著G.mosseae普遍存在,并可与水稻根系形成菌根结构,但其对水稻的影响与AMF空白基质相比差异并不显著.AMF强化能显著提高其对水稻根部的侵染率.与自然基质相比,AMF强化使水稻的株高、总生物量、根系总表面积及产量分别提高了20.6%、30%、36.6%、45.3%.经计算,每生产100kg水稻,AMF强化相对于自然条件下氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量分别减少3.14kg、1.88kg、2.42kg,削减程度高达47%.AMF强化能够有效促进水稻生长并提高其产量,而且在农业面源污染化肥减量方面具有重要作用.     

防治稻瘟病的新型内吸性杀菌剂氰菌胺

概述了防治稻瘟病的新型内吸性杀菌剂氰菌胺，内容涉及创制经纬、化学名称、理化性质、毒性、作用机理、专利与登记、合成方法与应用等。     

Effects of decomposing rice straw on growth of and nitrogen fixation byRhizobium

Five phenolic compounds produced by decomposing rice straw and sterile extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil were very inhibitory to growth of three strains ofRhizobium. The effects were additive and in several instances synergistic. The phenolic compounds also reduced nodule numbers and hemoglobin content of the nodules in two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties. Extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil (same concentration as in the soil) significantly reduced N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction) in Bush Black Seeded beans. This may explain in part the great reduction in soybean yields in Taiwan following rice crops when the rice stubble is left in the field.     

In situ esterification of rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol

In situ esterifications of high-acidity rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol and with sulfuric acid as catalyst were investigated. In the esterification with methanol, all free fatty acids (FFA) dissolved in methanol were interesterified within 15 min, and it was possible to obtain nearly pure methyl esters. The amount of methyl esters obtained from a given rice bran was dependent on the FFA content of the rice bran oil. In the esterification with ethanol, it was not possible to obtain pure esters as in methanol esterification, because the solubilities of oil components in ethanol were much higher than those in methanol.     

氧脱木质素对稻草SFP浆性能的影响

亚硫酸盐―甲醛―蒽醌(SFP-AQ)法是适合于草类原料的一种制浆方法。文章研究了氧脱木质素对稻草SFP浆的卡伯值、白度、粘度及强度性能的影响。结果表明,较高的用碱量有助于残余木质素的脱除,在合适的工艺条件下,稻草SFP浆单段氧脱木质素的脱木质素率可达50%以上。在氧脱木质素用碱量3.5%、氧压0.4 MPa、温度110℃、时间60 min或90 min的条件下,稻草SFP浆的卡伯值较低、白度较高,而同时具有良好的粘度和强度性能。     

白腐菌Panus conchatus降解稻草木素机理研究──(一)低分子木素降解产物各组分的分离及特征

经白腐菌Panusconchatuss发酵15天的稻草用乙酸乙酯进行抽提可有效分离出生物作用后的低分子量木煮降解产物。利用这些低分子降解产物在酸碱度不同的介质以及不同的有机溶剂中的溶解度不同进一步分离、分级和提纯，获得酚类（LP），芳香酸类（LA1—4）以及中性物质三个组份。我们发现LP与LA是降解产物中的主要组份，它们的得率分别为51．1％和34．4％。如此高的LP得率是白腐菌P．conchatus降解稻草木素的重要特征。本文还利用红外光谱和核磁共振技术对LP和LA中最多的一个组份LA—1的可能化学结构特征进行剖析。     

稻草强化生物膜浮床脱除工业尾水中氮素及COD的效果

工业污水处理厂排放的尾水中总氮含量偏高,容易引起地表水体的富营养化。为了提高尾水中总氮的去除效率,通过模拟稳定塘静态和动态试验,对比了不同稻草添加量(0,0.18,0.54 g/L)强化生物膜浮床脱除工业尾水中总氮(TN)的效果。静态试验结果表明:随着稻草量的增加,TN的去除率显著提高;10 d后,添加0(CK)、0.18 g/L(T1)和0.54 g/L(T2)稻草的尾水中,TN去除率分别为18%,40%,93%。动态试验结果显示,水力停留时间(HRT)为 4 d时,CK、T1和T2的平均TN去除率分别为10%,22%,49%,且3种情况下的进出水COD浓度无显著差异。这主要是由于稻草通过缓慢释放碳源为生物膜中异养反硝化细菌提供可利用的有机物。研究成果可为工业尾水深度处理脱氮技术提供参考。     

季铵型稻草木质素的合成及其对\[PdCl4\]2-的吸附性能

为经济高效和无污染提取钯,采用硫酸法从稻草中提取木质素,经3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHMAC)化学改性后合成季铵型稻草木质素,并利用其从溶液中吸附[PdCl_4]~(2-).利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和差热-热重分析(TG-DSC)对木质素及其衍生物进行表征,同时考察pH值、[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度和吸附时间对季铵型稻草木质素吸附性能的影响,并对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的选择性进行研究.实验结果表明,季铵型稻草木质素为表面多孔且不规则的块状体,在200℃内具有良好的热稳定性,1 469 cm~(-1)处出现季铵离子的弯曲振动特征峰.最佳吸附pH值为2,吸附平衡时间为8 h,在[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度为4 mmol·L~(-1)时,季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的吸附达到饱和,饱和吸附容量为1.120 mmol·g~(-1),吸附过程遵循准二级动力学方程,吸附等温模型与Freundlich方程拟合较好,表明吸附过程为单分子层非均质化学吸附,盐酸浓度低于1 mol·L~(-1)时,季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)具有良好的选择性.降低盐酸浓度,提高[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度和延长吸附时间均有利于提高季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的吸附容量和选择性.     

甜荞麦麸皮蛋白质提取工艺研究

以甜荞麦麸皮为原料,分别以碱法和盐法提取蛋白质.通过单因素实验和正交试验,探讨了不同因素对蛋白质提取率的影响,确定了最佳提取参数.结果表明,碱法和盐法提取蛋白质的等电点分别为3.8和4.2.碱法提取蛋白质的最优条件为:pH 10.5,料液比1∶25,温度45℃,时间4h,在此条件下提取率高达70.5%.盐法提取蛋白质的最优条件为:pH 7.8,NaCl浓度0.3mol/L,料液比1∶20,温度45℃,时间1.5h,此条件下的提取率高达57.3%.     

Cadmium in agricultural soils,vegetables and rice and potential health risk in vicinity of Dabaoshan Mine in Shaoguan,China

Soil cadmium （Cd） contamination resulted from mining and smelting is a major environmental concern,and health risk associated with Cd exposure to multi-media through muti-pathway is increasing.Cd concentrations in soils,vegetables and paddy rice were investigated,and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks exposure to Cd were estimated at six villages around the Dabaoshan Mine,South China.A total of 87 soil samples were found to exceed the China＇s maximum permission level （MPL） for Cd,while the highest value of 4.42 mg/kg was found near irrigation ditch associated with Hengshi River in Xinyi （XY） Village.Cd contents in vegetables and rice exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than five times in every village.Cadmium accumulation in plants is in the order of celery 〉 lactuca sativa L 〉 Chinese cabbage 〉 Romaine lettuce 〉 asparagus lettuce 〉 mustard 〉 cabbage mustard 〉 cabbage.The mean hazard quotient （HQ） of all villages is in the range of [5.29,25.75],and the mean values of cancer risk for investigated areas are more than 10 times greater than the USEPA （2009） threshold limit value of 10-4.Moreover,human non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are mainly attributable to paddy rice intake,followed by vegetables intake,soil ingestion,inhalation,and dermal contact.The results indicate that Cd has a huge potential risk on human health for the local residents.