黄酒中无机元素来源及其与酒质关系研究

黄酒中的成分极为丰富 ,目前已经检出的主要有醇、酯、醛、酸、酮、碳水化合物、蛋白质、单糖、多糖、肽、氨基酸、多酚以及含量丰富的B族维生素、常量元素和微量元素等 10多个类别几百种物质。本文主要对黄酒中的无机元素 (包括常量元素和微量元素 )的种类、来源及与酒质关系问题进行了研究 ,作者认为 ,黄酒中无机元素主要来源于酿造用水 ,酿酒原料 ,发酵、贮酒设备 ,并探讨了黄酒中无机元素与微生物生长繁殖、酒的品质以及陈化之间的关系     

黄酒沉淀问题与温度的关系

黄酒中含有多种氨基酸、淀粉、糊精、焦糖色、胶体颗粒等，温度变化会使酒出现不稳定状态。如色泽浑浊、沉淀结块。温度的变化会引起酒产生“冷浑浊”和“热浑浊”。酒质与温度的关系：温度越高，酒变质的速度越快；酒热的持续时间越长，对酒造成的损害程度越大。解决方法：夏季增加“摊冷”工艺，冬季采取“恒温贮存”。(孙悟)     

早籼稻谷生料发酵生产酒精的工艺研究

摘要：在发酵液中添加钙、镁、锌离子可以提高淀粉出酒率，使发酵液中的残总糖明显下降。实验表明，利用早籼稻谷生料发酵生产酒精，最佳发酵温度为32℃，最佳pH为4，最佳发酵时间为120h，在最佳条件下发酵，酒分达到9．3％(v／v)，残总糖为1．08％，淀粉出酒率为53．64％。     

发酵糙米的加工工艺

对用酵母发酵糙米的工艺进行研究。以糙米粉为试验材料,添加水、蜂蜜、盐、大麦芽粉为底物,采用活性酵母液进行发酵试验。以淀粉酶活力作为试验指标,设计包含培养基加水量、发酵温度、时间和接种量四个因素水平,通过正交试验确定糙米发酵培养基的最佳配方和最佳发酵条件。优化的工艺条件为加水量为150%,酵母接种量为4%,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为为4 h。糙米酵素中的α-淀粉酶含量最高,达到485 U/g。     

Purification and characterisation of antioxidative peptides from unfractionated rice bran protein hydrolysates

Crude rice bran protein (CRBP) was prepared by alkaline extraction and then treated with 0.6 m HCl to remove phytic acid. The phytate‐free rice bran protein (PFRBP) was hydrolysed with proteases M, N, S, P and pepsin under optimal conditions. Hydrolysates obtained from various hydrolysis periods were subjected to analysis for their degree of hydrolysis (DH) and functional properties. The hydrolysates were fractionated by reversed‐phase column chromatography on Kaseigel ODS resin (120–140 μm) using a stepwise gradient of aqueous ethanol, and their activities were measured. The 40% ethanol fraction of protease P 4 h‐hydrolysate was separated by successive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and the amino acid sequences of isolated antioxidative peptides were determined by a protein sequencer and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Crude rice bran protein had higher antioxidative activity than PFRBP, due to the presence of phytic acid. Phytate contents of rice bran, CRBP and PFRBP were 2.5%, 1.42% and 0%, respectively. The activity of PFRBP increased upon protease digestion. Protease M hydrolysates showed the highest DH, but the lowest antioxidative activity. Hydrolysates with DH below 10% had higher antioxidative activity than those above 20%. This result indicates that the antioxidative activity of the hydrolysates is inherent to their characteristics amino acid sequences of peptides depending on the protease specificities.     

Effect of fermented rice culture on the microbiological,biochemical and sensory characteristics of low‐salt douchi,a traditional Chinese fermented soybean condiment

A low‐salt (4% NaCl, w/w) douchi supplemented with different concentration of fermented rice culture (FRC) of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (v/w) was produced, and the effect of FRC on microbiology, biochemistry and sensory quantity was investigated. Results indicated that FRC had a significant effect on low‐salt douchi. Compared with the control (added 0% FRC), in the other treatments, the counts of yeast and lactic acid bacteria increased by about 50%, whereas the moulds decreased by about 30%; the pH reduction was close to 4.7; total acid increased to about 1.300 g per 100 g; reducing sugar maintained a decrease to 21.07 mg per g; amino nitrogen increased to about 0.900 g per 100 g, but not above the control (1.013 g per 100 g). In general terms, total free amino acid contents and three organic acids were higher in low‐salt products than four commercial products. Sensory evaluation of products supplemented with 10% and 15% FRC revealed better overall acceptability compared with other treatments and a commercial product.     

~(60)Co-γ射线对粳米黏度的影响及机理分析

为明确大米辐照后黏度下降的原因,将粳米粒放在不同剂量的60Co-γ射线下辐照后观察了淀粉粒的形态与结构,测量了蒸煮黏度、碱溶蛋白分子量种类以及自由基含量的变化。结果表明,随辐照加强,粳米的蒸煮黏度的数值自213cPs单调降低到21cPs;淀粉组织崩解碎裂;蛋白质碎片增多,生成了35kD以下的小蛋白片段和肽;自由基增多,ESR信号增强;大米受γ射线辐照时,其成分物质中的电子从原有轨道激发电离,生成电子未配对的自由基,与淀粉、蛋白质等反应,导致后者断裂;以及辐射的生热效应使淀粉和其它成分膨胀产生的应力使大米结构崩解,也是粳米黏度降低的部分原因。     

不同抗氧化剂对米糠油抗氧化性能影响的研究

试验研究了在(63±1)℃加速氧化条件下,以过氧化值(POV)作为评价指标,TBHQ、BHT、PG、柠檬酸及复配抗氧化剂对米糠油抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明,复配氧化剂的抗氧化效果优于单一抗氧化剂,柠檬酸对酶抗氧化剂有协同增效作用,精制米糠油中添加0.015%TBHQ+0.005%PG和0.01%柠檬酸的抗氧化效果最好,是不加抗氧化剂的米糠油的抗氧化效果的9倍.     

黄酒陈酿过程中主要成分变化的研究

对不同陈酿时间的黄酒原酒进行了分析,结果表明,随黄酒酒龄的延长,黄酒主要理化指标酒精度、pH值、总酸、总糖等指标没有显著变化;总多酚在贮存期间呈下降趋势,尤其贮存前6年,降低率达到了27.6%,阿魏酸、槲皮素和原儿茶酸是引起多酚含量下降的主要原因.贮存期间,氨基酸尤其是苦味氨基酸也呈显著的下降趋势,这也是贮存期间黄酒苦涩味逐渐降低的主要原因.各种风味物质在贮存期间的变化规律不同,但总的趋势是醇和酸含量在降低,而酯类、醛类的含量在增加.5-甲基糠醛作为啤酒的老化指标,在该研究中含量从初始的3.06g/L上升到了113.34.g/L.     

Characteristic of filamentous fungal diversity and dynamics associated with wheat Qu and the traditional fermentation of Chinese rice wine

Chinese rice wine, a traditional alcoholic beverage, is fermented from steamed rice with a starter culture of wheat Qu which is either inoculated spontaneously with various microorganisms in natural environment or inoculated artificially with certain microorganisms. The diversity of filamentous fungi in wheat Qu and the fermentation mashes of Chinese rice wine was studied by high‐throughput sequencing. The results indicated that filamentous fungi varied in wheat Qu and fermentation periods. Moreover, Aspergillus was the dominant filamentous fungi at genus levels. On that basis, quantitative real‐time PCR was used to quantify some dominant Aspergillus species. It was found that Aspergillus species in wheat Qu were more abundant than that in various fermentation mashes and continually decreased until the end of rice wine fermentation. Furthermore, it was found that different organic acids were produced by microorganisms at different fermentation stages might due to the changes of oxygen and nutrient content.