山东省2018年餐饮食品质量安全状况及对策探讨

目的 对2018年山东省餐饮食品质量安全状况进行汇总分析。方法 依据2018年山东省级监管部门公布的山东省食品安全监督抽检信息通告, 对餐饮食品的监督抽检情况进行分析, 讨论不合格原因, 探讨改善餐饮食品安全状况的对策。结果 餐饮具的问题最为突出, 合格率比总体平均合格率低21.64%, 自消毒餐饮具合格率比集中消毒餐饮具合格率低21.49%; 其次是鲜奶吧自制巴氏杀菌乳、发酵乳的微生物污染问题较为严重; 第三是微生物和污染物的项目合格率分别比项目平均合格率低3.26%和2.30%。大肠菌群和阴离子合成洗涤剂超标是主要问题。结论 针对餐饮环节存在的安全风险, 可通过落实餐饮经营者食品安全的第一责任制度, 完善餐饮食品相关标准, 加强餐饮服务行业监管, 建立危害分析关键控制点系统(HACCP)等措施提高产品的质量安全水平。     

江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐暴露风险评估

目的评估江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐的暴露水平和潜在健康风险。方法利用2012—2016年江西省食品中山梨酸及其钾盐含量数据、2016年江西省居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估法计算江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐的暴露水平,并进行健康风险评估。结果江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐每日平均暴露量及每日高暴露量(P95)分别为0.031和0.085 mg/kg BW,分别占暂定组每日允许摄入量(ADI,3 mg/kg BW)的1.03%和2.83%。西式糕点、大米制品、熟肉制品是江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐暴露的主要来源,贡献率达到总膳食暴露量的75%以上。如果严格执行GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中关于山梨酸及其钾盐限量规定,江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐每日平均暴露量和每日高暴露量分别下降25.7%～49.5%和14.5%～27.9%,西式糕点、果蔬汁类饮料、新型豆制品则成为膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐暴露的主要来源。结论目前江西省居民膳食中山梨酸及其钾盐暴露量对人群健康造成的风险较低,处于可接受水平,但仍有部分暴露来源于食品添加剂滥用,需要关注。     

Quantifying calf mortality on dairy farms: Challenges and solutions

In the Netherlands, the mortality rate of ear-tagged calves <1 yr is one of the indicators that is continuously monitored in census data and is defined as the number of deceased calves relative to the number of calf-days-at-risk. In 2017, yearly calf mortality rates were published in the lay press and resulted in discussions about the calculation of this parameter among stakeholders because the same parameter appeared to be calculated in many different ways by different organizations. These diverse definitions of calf mortality answered different aims such as early detection of deviations, monitoring trends, or providing insight into herd-specific results, but were difficult to understand by stakeholders. The aim of this study was to evaluate several definitions of calf mortality for scientific validity, usefulness for policymakers, and comprehensibility by farmers. Based on expert consultations, 10 definitions for calf mortality were evaluated that assessed different age categories, time periods, and denominators. Differences in definitions appeared to have a large effect on the magnitude of mortality. For example, with the original mortality parameter, the mortality rate was 16.5% per year. When the first year of life was subdivided into 3 age categories, the mortality rate was 3.3, 4.5, and 3.1% for postnatal calves (≤14 d), preweaned calves (15–55 d), and weaned calves (56 d–1 yr), respectively. Although it was logical that these mortality rates were lower than the original, the sum of the 3 separate mortality rates was also lower than the original mortality rate. The reason was that the number of calves present in a herd and the risk of mortality are not randomly distributed over a calf's first year of life and the conditional nature of mortality rates when calculated for different age categories. Ultimately, 4 parameters to monitor calf mortality in Dutch dairy herds were chosen based on scientific value, usefulness for monitoring of trends, and comprehensibility by farmers: perinatal calf mortality risk (i.e., mortality before, during, or shortly after the moment of birth up to the moment of ear-tagging), postnatal calf mortality risk (≤14 d), preweaned calf mortality rate (15–55 d), and weaned calf mortality rate (56 d–1 yr). Slight differences in definitions of parameters can have a major effect on results, and many factors have to be taken into account when defining an important health indicator such as mortality. Our evaluation resulted in a more thorough understanding of the definitions of the selected parameters and agreement by the stakeholders to use these key indicators to monitor calf mortality.     

Short communication: Validation of a novel milk progesterone-based tool to monitor luteolysis in dairy cows using cost-effective,on-farm measured data

The progesterone (P4) monitoring algorithm using synergistic control (PMASC) uses luteal dynamics to identify fertility events in dairy cows. This algorithm employs a combination of mathematical functions describing the increasing and decreasing P4 concentrations during the development and regression of the corpus luteum and a statistical control chart that allows identification of luteolysis. The mathematical model combines sigmoidal functions from which the cycle characteristics can be calculated. Both the moment at which luteolysis is detected and confirmed by PMASC, as well as the model features themselves, can be used to inform the farmer on the fertility status of the cows.     

Concentration of morpholine residues in major fruits and juices and its dietary exposure in China

Morpholine is a common chemical used as emulsifier in the preparation of wax coatings for some fruit to help them remain fresh and protect against insects and fungal contamination. It has been reported that morpholine has acute toxic effects on rodents. In the present study, morpholine concentrations were analysed in fruits (citrus fruits, apples, strawberries and grapes) and juices (apple juice and orange juice) in order to determine dietary exposure among the Chinese population. A total of 732 fruit and juice samples were collected during 2015–2016, which covered major foods in China. Fruit and juice consumption data were taken from China National Nutrient and Health Survey (2002) and include data from 16,407 fruit or juice consumers. It was found that mean dietary exposure to morpholine residues from fruits and/or juices for general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 0.42 and 1.24 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 97.5% intake in general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 2.25 and 6.90 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary food sources of the morpholine dietary intake of general Chinese consumers were citrus fruits (57.4%) and apples (40.8%). These findings suggested that dietary exposure to morpholine in the Chinese population was lower than the acceptable daily intake of morpholine, and there are no health concerns.     

基于LEC法的扒谷机危险源辨识

扒谷机是粮食仓储企业经常使用的机械设备之一。近年来因违规操作、维护管理不当,经常引发机械伤害、触电等生产安全事故。其中扒谷机配电箱内有粉尘、杂物,平衡配重不符合设备要求,防护罩缺失,配电箱外壳、电机接线盒破损,无漏电保护或漏电保护装置不灵敏是主要危险源。为提高作业人员对扒谷机危险性及作业风险的认识,提高作业人员安全意识,通过开展危险源辨识,确定危险等级,分别采取制定作业方案、设备移动方案,作业交底,及时清理粉尘、杂物,平衡设备配重,维护或更换隐患问题部位,设置警示标识等措施,实现对扒谷机危险源防控,延长设备使用寿命、确保作业人员的安全,防止或减少同类生产安全事故的发生。     

食品化学物风险评估中一些重要参数的选择和使用

食品安全风险评估是我国制定、修订食品安全标准、实施食品安全监督管理的科学依据,评估结果的准确性和可靠性将直接影响食品安全监管决策的科学性。评估方法、统计学参数、模型构建和健康指导值是影响评估结果的几个重要因素,而对这些因素的选择和使用往往存在模糊认识和误区。本文主要针对食品中化学物的风险评估,对上述几个参数的选择和使用进行探讨。     

面向业务过程的信息安全风险分析

为了能够充分描述业务及信息资产依赖的关系,以便在评估威胁的业务影响时,能综合考虑资产依赖程度和业务安全目标或需求,建立了一个内部依赖的递阶层次结构的资产依赖模型,结合网络分析法(ANP)计算组织业务在保密性、可用性和完整性上对资产的依赖程度,以反映业务对资产的安全需求,威胁对业务的影响由威胁强度和安全需求共同确定。实例分析表明,ANP方法得到的资产依赖性结果与现实更相符,从而为风险评估结果的合理性提供了保证。