Investigations on Structured Polyamide for Laser Sintered Body Armor

Stab resistance body armor (SRBA) is essential in protecting people from knife injuries. The protective parts of traditional SRBA are made of multi-layered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which causes heavy heat stress for people wearing it. The protective parts of SRBA manufactured using laser sintering (LS) 3D printing technology provide high manufacturing flexibility and low weight. Two different structures, plain plate and pyramid-structured plate, were investigated. The pyramid structure showed much higher stab resistance property then the plain plate, because of the angle and thickness effects. This is the first effort applying the LS technology and polyamide (PA) material (PA 3200) on SRBA. By applying the pyramid structure on the protective layer of the SRBA, the total weight could reduce 30%-40%.     

不同破口大小对B型主动脉夹层假腔内压力的影响

为了研究夹层内的血流动力学变化对夹层转归的重要影响,并期望为临床判断主动脉夹层发展及转归提供理论依据,通过3D打印技术制作不同出入口比例及破口大小的B型主动脉夹层模型,对主动脉夹层内血流变化进行模拟,并测量观察主动脉夹层模型假腔内压力变化及流场情况.真腔内固定压力为18.620、21.280 k Pa两组中,不同破口比例的假腔入口压力比普遍均小于夹层模型内其他假腔位置,且压力值低于真腔压力;真腔内压力为23.940 k Pa组中,破口比例为2∶1的夹层模型内假腔压力比较其他破口比例模型的压力比明显升高;所有模型真腔固定水压为21.280、23.940 k Pa下均可观测到同真腔压力下,真腔流速更快,其内部压力低于假腔.同一模型中,假腔压力普遍低于真腔压力;相同压力下,原发破口大的模型假腔流速相对较低,而涡流明显;相同模型相同压力下,假腔流速低于真腔,假腔的涡流更为明显,复杂的涡流和旋动对壁面造成冲击进而使假腔破裂风险增加.     

Partition model into 3D-printable and no supporting parts

The printing object must fit into the printing working volume and overhangs require a disposable support structure to be added, which are two main problems in the 3D printing process. Existing algorithms cannot solve these two problems at the same time. To solve these problems, we present a model partition algorithm, dividing the model into the pyramidal fitting printing working volume, with the pyramidal having the shape which can be printed without a supporting structure. Firstly, we partition the model surface using the region growing method and analyze the region's normal vector to determine the candidate dividing directions. Secondly, we use the candidate dividing directions to generate candidate dividing planes in order to segment the model. If the divided sub-model is not a pyramidal,continue segmenting the sub-model by using the same method until all of the sub-models are pyramidal. The candidate dividing planes may generate multi-group division modes. Each division mode constructs a tree, the evaluation function is employed to appraise the dividing values and the beam search method is utilized to search the largest value tree in the solution space which is the optimal partition. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can divide the model into sub-models which needn't support structures and fit into the printing working volume.     

复合絮凝剂与活性砂滤池协同深度处理印染废水研究及应用

采用复合絮凝剂和活性砂滤池协同处理印染废水,研究了复合絮凝剂对浊度、COD（化学需氧量）和TP（总磷）的去除性能,在实际运行系统中考察了复合絮凝剂和活性砂滤池协同处理后的出水水质情况.结果表明：活性砂滤池在平均处理水量为3500m3/h情况下,当复合絮凝剂投加量为ρ（PAC） =50 mg/L,ρ（FeCl3） =10.0 mg/L,ρ（APAM）=1.0 mg/L时,出水水质指标浊度、COD和TP的平均去除率分别达到了56.6％,45.3％,59.4％,出水水质各项指标均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级A标准.     

明代出版业的发展与通俗小说的勃兴

明代中后期,城市经济与文化持续发展,社会发生了一系列深刻的变革。商品经济空前繁荣,雕版印刷业迎来了发展高峰,刻印书籍数量之大、品种之多,刻印技术之先进是前代无法想象的。坊刻迎合市民意识高涨、市民文化日趋多元的社会需要,组织创作、编纂、刊刻了大量通俗小说,为通俗小说的发生流传提供了最直接、最重要的载体,促进了明代通俗小说的发展和繁荣。     

Mass transfer in 3D-printed electrolyzers: The importance of inlet effects

This article investigates the effect of inlet shape, entrance length, and turbulence promoters on mass transfer by using 3D-printed electrolyzers. Our results show that the inlet design can promote turbulence and lead to an earlier transition to turbulent flow. The Reynolds number at which the transition occurs can be predicted by the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the inlet to the cross-sectional area of the electrolyzer channel. A longer entrance length results in more laminar behavior and a later transition to turbulent flow. With an entrance length of 550 mm, the inlet design did no longer affect the mass transfer performance significantly. The addition of gyroid type turbulence promoters resulted in a factor of 2 to 4 increase in mass transfer depending on inlet design, entrance length, and the type of promoter. From one configuration to another, there was a minimal variation in pressure drop (<1600 Pa).     

Effect of zirconia content and particle size on the properties of 3D-printed alumina-based ceramic cores

Alumina-based ceramic cores are used to manufacture the internal structures of hollow alloy blades, requiring both high precision and moderate properties. In this work, zirconia is regarded as a promoter to improve the mechanical properties of sintered ceramic. The effect of zirconia content and particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ceramics was evaluated. The results indicate that the flexural strength of sintered ceramics reached the maximum of 14.5 ± 0.5 MPa when 20 wt% micron-sized (10 μm) zirconia (agglomerate size, consistent with the alumina particle size) was added, and 26.5±2.5 MPa when 15 wt% 0.3 μm zirconia was added. Zirconia with submicron-sized (0.3 μm) particles effectively filled the pores between alumina particles, thus leading to the maximum flexural strength with a relatively low content. The corresponding sintered ceramics had a bulk density of 2.0 g/cm³ and open porosity of 59.6%.     

Impact of processing conditions and sizing on the thermomechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene/carbon fiber composites fabricated by material extrusion additive manufacturing

For the 3D printed composites, fiber alignment is affected by the direction of melt-flow during extrusion of filaments and subsequently through the printing nozzle. The resulting fibers orientation and the fiber-matrix compatibility have a direct correlation with mechanical properties. This study investigates the impact of processing conditions on the state of the carbon fiber types and their orientation on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed composites. Short and long carbon fibers were used as starting reinforcing materials, and the state of fibers at the beginning and on the printed parts were evaluated. Strong anisotropy in terms of mechanical properties (flexural and impact properties) was observed for the samples printed with different printing orientations. Interestingly, the number of voids in the printed composites was found to be correlated with the fiber types. The present work provides a step towards the optimization of tailored composite properties by additive manufacturing.     

Characterization of PA-12 specimens fabricated by projection sintering at various sintering parameters

Large area projection sintering (LAPS) promises to be a new method in the field of additive manufacturing. Developed in the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, LAPS uses long exposure times over a broad area of powder to fuse into dense, reproducible materials. In contrast, LS, a common powder-based additive manufacturing, uses a focused beam of light scanned quickly over the material. Local regions of concentrated high-energy bursts of light lead to higher peak temperatures and differing cooling dynamics and overall crystallinity. The mechanical properties of laser sintered specimens suffer because of uneven particle fusion. LAPS offers the capacity to fine-tune fusion properties through enhanced thermodynamic control of the heating and cooling profiles for sintering. Further research is required to identify the relationship between LAPS build settings and part properties to enable the fabrication of custom parts with desired properties. This study examines the influence of LAPS sintering parameters on chemical structures, crystallinity, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyamide-12 specimens using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness testing. It was observed that higher crystallinity was imparted to specimens that were sintered for a shorter time and vice versa.     

Fabrication process of smooth functionally graded materials through a real-time inline control of the component ratio

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) play an essential role in tissue engineering because of their satisfactory histocompatibility and excellent mechanical performance. While traditional manufacturing methods allow production of simple FGMs, precise control of composition and customized property at transition between the dissimilar materials is still a challenge. Here, an extrusion-based functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) platform was developed to generate smooth graded parts by thrusting out monolithic cylindrical filaments with high viscosity. Furthermore, the rheological properties, hydrodynamic behavior, and mixed homogeneity of the non-Newtonian fluids were studied. Therefore, the appropriate solid contents, alternative energy-efficient mixers, and optimized printing parameters were proved to be beneficial for an outstanding deposition effect of the suspension. Ultimately, an object with smooth gradient was successfully manufactured. The validity of this strategy was verified via optical microscopy combined with an image processing method to gauge homogeneity and a scanning electron microscope to investigate graded composition and microstructure.