Cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production in three typical Daqus of Chinese spirits

Both culture‐dependent method and molecular technique were firstly used to simultaneously investigate the cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production in three typical Daqus of Chinese spirits. The results showed that both cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production were obviously different. The species of nine bacteria from Deshan, nine from Baisha and six from Wuling Daqus were identified. The total bacterial strains of 17, 15 and 14, and 9, 16 and 10 could produce α‐amylase and glucoamylase, respectively, from the Daqus, and the enzyme yields were different. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens not only were dominant bacteria in the Daqus, but also possessed high activities of α‐amylase and glucoamylase. By comparison, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus oleronius were found to be another predominant bacterial species and good producers of α‐amylase and glucoamylase in Deshan and Wuling Daqus, respectively.     

多孔玻璃微珠的制作及其固定α-淀粉酶的研究

用分相法和填充法分别制作了两种载体多孔玻璃微珠FXBL和TCBL,用共价偶联法分别固定α-淀粉酶,确定了其最佳固定条件和最佳应用条件,并研究了固定化酶的性质。主要结论如下:①最佳固定条件为:温度10℃;pH=6.2;给酶量TCBL 2.6 g/LF、XBL 2.4 g/L;时间12 h;②最佳应用条件为:温度75℃,比自由酶高5℃;pH值TCBL固定化酶为5.2、FXBL固定化酶为5.4,分别比自由酶的最适pH值6.0低0.8和0.6个pH值单位;③固定化酶的主要性质为:在80℃受热1 h,固定化酶的活力下降小于7%,而自由酶活力则下降至63%;FXBL固定化酶和TCBL固定化酶分别使用5次和8次还可以保持60%的活力。     

EFFECTS OF AIR REST PERIODS ON MALTING SORGHUM RESPONSE TO FINAL WARM WATER STEEP

The effects off various lengths of air rests on response off malting sorghum main root length, malting loss, diastatic activity, α- and β-amyloytic activity and extract to final warm water steep at 40°C was investigated. Grains were steeped in distilled water for a total of 48 h at 30°C with a 6 h final warm water steep under four different cycles incorporating 1, 2, 3 or 4 h air rest periods. All malt quality properties evaluated were significantly affected by the length of air rest, the cultivar and their pair-wise interactions. Main rootlet length and malting loss reduced progressively as the length of air rest increased. Reducing power, α- and β-amylolytic activity and extract generally increased as the length of air rest was increased for both sorghum cultivars ICSV 400 and KSV 8 examined. The steep cycle incorporating 3 h length of air rest was found by experiment to give the optimum levels of malt quality indices analysed while at the same time causing considerable reduction in average main rootlet length and total malting loss for both grain cultivars.     

Immobilization of α‐amylase in polyelectrolyte complexes

Herein, we report the formation of α‐amylase containing polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). The method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase is based on interactions between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI). We could show that electrostatic interactions ensure the incorporation of the enzyme into the formed polyelectrolyte complexes. The encapsulation has no negative effect on enzyme activity and protects against denaturation of the enzyme initiated by low pH values. The resulting PECs are 150–250 nm in size with narrow size distribution, appear in a spherical shape and are colloidally stable. The complexation of both polyelectrolytes and the immobilization of α‐amylase are investigated using fractionating techniques mainly the analytical ultracentrifugation and asymmetrical‐flow field‐flow fractionation. The formation of PECs represents a simple method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase without the use of organic solvents and requires no additional purifications steps. This one‐step approach, yielding high encapsulation efficiencies, shows the potential as a drug delivery system for sensitive hydrophilic actives in future. α‐amylase is immobilized in polyelectrolyte complexes made of polyethylenimine and poly(acrylic acid). Optimized encapsulation conditions and the resulting polyelectrolyte complexes are investigated via determination of IEP, α‐amylase activity assays, nanoDSC measurements, zeta potential values, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and fractionating techniques. The encapsulated enzyme is protected against denaturation initiated by low pH values. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45036.     

酶解淀粉-苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯接枝共聚物乳液的制备研究

采用无皂乳液聚合的方法,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,制备了酶解淀粉与苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的接枝共聚物。探讨了淀粉与单体配比、过硫酸铵用量、单体配比和反应温度对接枝反应的影响。结果表明,反应的优化条件为:m(淀粉)∶m(单体)=1∶3,(NH4)2S2O8的加入量为淀粉与单体总质量的0.5%,单体质量比为1∶1,反应温度为82℃,在此条件下,接枝率可达103.8%,接枝效率为37.4%,单体转化率为91.9%。红外光谱分析表明,苯乙烯和丙烯酸丁酯参与了接枝反应;SEM结果显示,接枝反应之后,淀粉形貌发生了变化,球状颗粒已经消失。     

苦荞黄酮对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用研究

为了比较研究各种不同提取方法下的苦荞黄酮对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用,分别对苦荞总黄酮溶液、苦荞水溶性黄酮溶液、苦荞醇溶性黄酮溶液用α-淀粉酶进行体外活性抑制作用试验,并绘制抑制曲线,所得的结果与阿卡波糖进行比较。结果表明:阿卡波糖、苦荞总黄酮、苦荞水溶性黄酮、苦荞醇溶性黄酮对α-淀粉酶均有抑制作用,其半抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为0.095、0.086、0.10、0.202 mg/mL。本研究为三种提取产物在防治糖尿病及其并发症等方面的应用提供参考,具有较大的理论意义和应用价值。     

α－淀粉酶发酵工艺条件试验研究

本文以枯草杆菌ＢＦ－７６５８的诱变菌株Ｎｉｎｇ作为试验菌株，分别在摇瓶条件下和１０升发酵罐上进行α－淀粉酶的发酵工艺条件的试验研究。结果表明：该菌株的发酵培养基碳氮比为１．４∶１，最适ｐＨ为６．５，通风量的变化极大地影响产酶能力；在较佳的培养条件下，摇瓶产酶活力为４０９．０ｕ／ｍｌ，１０升发酵罐的产酶活力为３９７．２ｕ／ｍｌ，比原菌提高约１００ｕ／ｍｌ。     

激光对黑曲霉糖化菌株诱变的探讨

25mw He—Ne激光对黑曲霉N_(213)菌株经不同时间照射后,发现其对该菌株部分孢子分别有杀灭作用和促进生长作用,而且孢子存活率随照射时间的延长呈下降趋势。 选择照射40分钟后生长旺盛的孢子,用25mw He—Ne激光重复照射4次,筛选后,获得N_(213)变异株,用其制备麸曲,测其糖化酶活力较出发菌株麸曲的糖化酶活力增加33％,达10,000U/g。     

TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF α-AMYLASE AND PHOSPHORYLASE IN DEVELOPING BARLEY GRAIN

Approximately half the total α-amylase and phosphorylase activity detectable in crude homogenates of the tissues of developing barley grain was localized in the pericarp. This tissue is particularly active in the early stages of grain development. It is suggested that this activity may influence the starch type and content of the mature barley grain.