天然植物红花对小鼠抗疲劳和耐缺氧作用的实验研究

红花是食药两用植物，过去对红花的研究主要集中在其药用价值上。采用红花提取液经小鼠实验表明其具有显著减少小鼠运动引起的血乳酸升高、消除运动引起的肌肉疲劳、增强耐力和抗缺氧的功效，有可能在功能食品如运动员食品等领域得到应用。     

甘油为溶剂体系的亚油酸异构化研究

研究了红花籽油以甘油为溶剂，在氢氧化钾或氢氧化钠的催化下，一定反应温度和反应时间下进行异构化反应的方法。并且通过正交实验对反应条件进行了优化，优化的反应条件是溶剂：原油(W：W)3：1，催化剂KOH32g，反应温度195℃。此方法既避免了溶剂残留，又获得质量较好的产品，具有很好的应用前景。     

浓缩葡萄汁在红花籽油贮藏中的抗氧化效果

通过测定木纳格、无核白、美国红提、玫瑰香四种浓缩葡萄汁的清除DPPH·能力,评价了四种葡萄汁的抗氧化能力。同时研究了四种浓缩葡萄汁在红花籽油贮藏中的抗氧化效果。结果表明:四种浓缩葡萄汁的抗氧化能力强弱顺序为:美国红提>玫瑰香>无核白>木纳格。四种浓缩葡萄汁对红花籽油在贮藏中具有明显的抗氧化作用,当其添加量分别为0.05%,0.10%,0.05%,0.10%时达到最强的抗氧化效果。     

红花苗营养成分的分析与评价

为阐明红花苗的营养价值,分析了国内外30种红花苗的蛋白质、粗纤维、抗坏血酸、可溶性糖、氨基酸、矿质元素等主要营养成分,通过与油菜、白菜等6中常见蔬菜对比及氨基酸比值系数法,综合评价红花苗蛋白质的营养价值。红花苗的蛋白质、抗坏血酸含量均明显高于6中常见蔬菜,属于高钾高钙低钠食品。红花苗中含有18种氨基酸和人体必需的8种氨基酸,氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量和非必需氨基酸的平均含量范围分别为17.49 g/100 g~20.03 g/100 g、6.650%~7.613%和10.483%~12.413%,变异系数分别为5.23%、6.40%和6.05%。30个参试品种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比值（E/T）大多在36%~39%之间,略低于FAO/WHO理想蛋白标准;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值（E/N）大多在58%~62%之间,接近并略高于FAO/WHO理想蛋白标准。氨基酸比值系数分60.25~76.40,蛋白质相对于鸡蛋标准蛋白的贴近度为0.90~0.93。必需氨基酸指数EAAI值均接近1。属于优质蛋白源。His、Ala、Arg、Asp、Glu、Phe这6种氨基酸使得红花苗呈现出不同的风味。参试红花苗均具有较高的营养价值,为可食用的优质蛋白源。     

The effect of oxygen concentration on oxidative deterioration in heated high-oleic safflower oil

High-oleic safflower oil was heated at 180°C in atmospheres with four levels of oxygen concentration (2, 4, 10, and 20%) modified with nitrogen gas, to assess the effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration on the oxidative deterioration of deep-frying oils. Acid value, carbonyl value, polar materials, linoleic acid, tocopherol contents, and oxidative stability were measured to evaluate the quality of heated oils. These values were found to be correlated with both heating time and oxygen concentration. Acid and carbonyl values and polar material content of oils heated at oxygen concentrations of 2 and 4% were lower than those at 10 or 20%. On the other hand, linoleic acid and tocopherols were hardly reduced in oils after heating for 30 h at 2% O₂, whereas they were decomposed according to the oxygen concentration and heating time. Oxidative stability was well maintained in oils heated at 2 and 4% O₂. These results suggest that the oxidative deterioration of heated higholeic safflower oil depends on oxygen concentration.     

水酶法从红花籽中提取油脂与水解蛋白的工艺优化

以水酶法从红花籽中提取油脂和水解蛋白为目的,采用单因素和正交实验的方法,确定最佳的工艺条件:碱提温度为60 ℃,碱提时间为60 min,在水解蛋白酶Alcalase 2.4L、果胶酶和纤维素酶(1：1：1)共同作用下,酶解温度为55 ℃,酶解时间为3 h,料液比为1：5 (w/w),酶总添加量为4.5%,此时,红花籽游离油得率为58.21%,水解蛋白得率为41.32%。对于酶解后得到的乳状液选取最佳破乳方法为冷冻破乳,离心转速为8000 r/min,此时的破乳率为35.28%,总油得率为63.94%。     

FAAS法测定红花籽及红花籽粕中的八种金属元素

为研究红花籽及副产物中的微量元素营养成分,本文拟用HNO3+HCl O4混合酸体系消化处理红花籽及红花籽粕样品,采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）测定样品中的钠、钾、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、锌八种金属元素含量。结果显示,红花籽及红花籽粕中均含有丰富的微量元素,二者含量高低顺序均为K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Na>Mn>Cu。与红花籽相比,红花籽粕中的锌元素明显低于红花籽,其他七种元素含量均稍高于红花籽。该方法的加标回收率在91.2%¹07.4%之间,测定的相对标准偏差小于3.5%,线性相关系数均大于0.999,本法可用于红花籽及红花籽粕中八种金属元素含量的测定。      

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Alkali Neutralization in the Refining of Safflower Oil to Minimize the Loss of Bioactive Compounds

In this study, ultrasound-assisted (UA) neutralization parameters are optimized using the response surface methodology to develop a novel alkali neutralization method based on the minimal refining concept. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) are used in both the traditional (TR) and UA neutralizations. Optimum probe depth, duration, and intensity levels are calculated as 3.7 cm, 25 s, and 54.3%, respectively, for UA neutralization with NaOH, which is more successful at free fatty acid (FFA) reduction and total phenolic content (TPC) retention than MgO and Ca(OH)₂. Validation results of optimum conditions show that lowest average FFA content (0.29%) and highest average TPC (211.2 mg kg⁻¹) are determined for the UA-neutralized safflower oil samples. The comparison of all the neutralization experiments reveal that the UA neutralization under optimum conditions using NaOH reduced 82.8% of the FFA content, whereas the TR alkali neutralization reduced the FFA content at a maximum of only 47.8%. Practical Applications: From the results, it can be inferred that the UA neutralization exhibits good performance in FFA content reduction and bioactive compound retention while offering a good solution within the concept of minimal refining.     

Effect of safflower oil, flaxseed oil, monensin, and vitamin E on concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a mixture of conjugated octadecadienoic acids of predominantly ruminant origin. The main isomer in bovine milk fat is the cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Interest in CLA increased after the discovery of its health-promoting properties, including potent anticarcinogenic activity. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary strategies aimed at increasing the concentration of CLA in bovine milk fat. Both experiments were organized as a randomized complete block design with a repeated measures treatment structure. In Experiment 1, 28 Holstein cows received either a control diet or one of 3 treatments for a period of 2 wk. The control diet consisted of 60% forage (barley silage, alfalfa silage, and alfalfa hay) and 40% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, fed as a total mixed ration (TMR). The concentrate was partially replaced in the treatment groups with 24 ppm of monensin (MON), 6% of DM safflower oil (SAFF), or 6% of DM safflower oil plus 24 ppm of monensin (SAFF/M). Average cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels in milk fat after 2 wk of feeding were 0.45, 0.52, 3.36, and 5.15% of total fatty acids for control, MON, SAFF, and SAFF/M, respectively. In Experiment 2, 62 Holstein cows received either a control diet or one of 5 treatment diets for a period of 9 wk. The control diet consisted of 60% forage (barley silage, alfalfa silage, and alfalfa hay) and 40% concentrate on a DM basis, fed as a TMR. The concentrate was partially replaced in the treatment groups with 6% of DM safflower oil (SAFF), 6% of DM safflower oil plus 150 IU of vitamin E/kg of DM (SAFF/E), 6% of DM safflower oil plus 24 ppm of monensin (SAFF/M), 6% of DM safflower oil plus 24 ppm of monensin plus 150 IU of vitamin E/kg of DM (SAFF/ME), or 6% of DM flaxseed oil plus 150 IU of vitamin E/kg of DM (FLAX/E). Average cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels during the treatment period were 0.68, 4.12, 3.48, 4.55, 4.75, and 2.80% of total fatty acids for control, SAFF, SAFF/E, SAFF/M, SAFF/ME, and FLAX/E, respectively. The combination of safflower oil with monensin was particularly effective at increasing milk fat CLA. The addition of vitamin E to the diet partially prevented the depression in milk fat associated with oilseed feeding, but had no significant effect on the concentration of CLA in milk.     

Enzymatic acidolysis in hexane to produce n−3 or n−6 FA-enriched structured lipids from coconut oil: Optimization of reactions by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology is a statistical design that helps one to determine optimal conditions for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by performing a minimal number of experiments. This methodology was adapted for modifying coconut oil TAG by using lipase-catalyzed acidolysis in hexane to incorporate n−3 or n−6 PUFA. FFA obtained after hydrolysis of cod liver oil and safflower oil were used as acyl donors. Immobilized lipase, Lipozyme IM60, from Rhizomucor miehei was used for catalyzing the reaction. The reaction conditions—substrate molar ratio, incubation time, and temperature—were optimized. The experimental data were fitted to a response function based on the central composite rotatable design. The optimal conditions generated from models indicated that maximal incorporation of n−3 PUFA occurred at a 1∶4 molar ratio of TAG/FFA when incubation was carried out for 34 h at 54°C. Similarly, maximal incorporation of n−6 FA was predicted at a 1∶3 molar ratio of TAG/FFA when incubated for 48.5 h at 39°C. Experiments conducted at optimized conditions predicted by the equation obtained from response surface methodology yielded structured lipids with 13.65 and 45.5% of n−3 and n−6 FA, respectively. These values agreed well with that predicted by the model. The reactions were also scaled up to 100 g levels in batch reactors with the incorporation level of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids agreeing closely with that observed when the reactions were carried out at lab scale (100 mg). These studies indicated that response surface methodology is a useful tool in predicting the conditions for incorporating desired levels of specific FA during the synthesis of structured lipids.