三种杂粮及其复合低温火腿肠营养成分分析及评价

分别检测了燕麦、苦荞麦、小米3种杂粮原料,以及所对应的杂粮复合低温火腿肠的营养成分,并对其进行了营养价值评价。结果表明:燕麦片、苦荞麦粉、小米3种杂粮原料的脂肪含量都较低,均在10%以下。燕麦片的蛋白质含量最高,达到13.4%,且所含钙、铁、锌均较高,分别为683、48.1、25.3mg/kg。苦荞麦粉硒元素的含量最高,达到0.12mg/kg。对杂粮原料进行了氨基酸营养评价,小米的E/N值为55.03%,最接近FAO/WHO标准模式。杂粮复合低温火腿肠中,蛋白质含量均高于GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》国家标准指标,淀粉含量均在10%以下。小米复合低温火腿肠中VB1、VB2含量相对较高,分别达到156.6μg/100g和12.8μg/100g。其他的功能性营养成分检测结果表明:苦荞麦复合低温火腿肠中特有的生物活性物质黄酮含量达到了2mg/kg,膳食纤维含量最高,达到了3.4%。对杂粮低温复合火腿肠进行了INQ值评价,3种复合低温火腿肠的钙、铁、锌、VB1的INQ值均高于1,其中小米复合低温火腿肠的INQ值总体最高。杂粮复合低温火腿肠理化及卫生指标结果表明,3种低温火腿肠的理化及卫生指标均符合GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》的相关规定,表明产品卫生安全指标合格。     

玉米醇溶蛋白膜在腌肉制品及果蔬中的保鲜作用研究

本文旨在将玉米醇溶蛋白用于青椒、西红柿、腊肉、香肠的涂膜保鲜,添加不同的增塑剂。实验结果表明,涂膜液的最佳配方为:醇溶蛋白总量与80%乙醇溶液之比为1∶10(g/ml),保鲜西红柿、青椒时,以5%的甘油作增塑剂,其添加量分别为0.5、0.8ml时保鲜效果最好。保鲜腊肉、香肠使用虫胶、油酸作增塑剂,添加量分别为0.3mg、0.1ml时,能有效延长腌肉制品的货架期。     

市售西班牙自然发酵香肠的食用品质特征分析

以销量较高的市售西班牙自然发酵香肠为研究对象,通过感官评价筛选出喜好度较高的发酵香肠,测定香肠水分含量、pH值、色泽、质地等指标,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）法分析香肠挥发性风味成分。结果表明,总体可接受性较高的自然发酵香肠具有以下特征：光泽度高、色泽暗红（亮度值16.028～31.399,红度值13.80～16.31）,组织紧密、质地均一、硬度（4 721.859 0～6 360.352 0 g）适中,pH值（5.68～5.89）、水分含量（20.12%～28.09%）较低,咀嚼感好、干燥度适中,果香味、清香味、甜味、乳香味、鲜味明显,咸味、酸味适中,胡椒味较淡。总体接受性最高的香肠（1号香肠）中检出81 种挥发性风味成分,其中乙醛、异戊醛、2,3-丁二酮、月桂烯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、顺-4-羟基-6-十二烯酸内酯、乙酸为主要风味成分（香气活力值＞50）。     

Effect of the fungal protease EPg222 on proteolysis and texture in the dry fermented sausage ‘salchichón’

Proteolytic activity of the fungal protease EPg222 and its effect on the texture of the dry fermented sausage ‘salchichón’, which has a long ripening process, was assayed. Samples with enzyme added showed a significant reduction of myofibrillar protein concentration during the ripening period, compared with a control, and proteolytic activity of the enzyme led to a higher accumulation of non‐protein and ‐amino acid nitrogen. Analysis of volatile compounds in ripened dry fermented sausages revealed that only in EPg222 batches were branched compounds derived from amino acids catabolism detected that are associated with the flavour of dry cured meat products. The texture profile analysis showed reduction in hardness, gumminess and chewiness values in treated compared with control sausages. The effect of this enzyme could be of great interest in stimulating proteolysis, in flavour development and in reducing the hardness of dry fermented sausages produced by a long ripening process. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

鹰嘴豆粉添加量对低温鱼肉香肠品质特性的影响

为开发富含膳食纤维的低温鱼肉香肠,以鹰嘴豆粉、草鱼肉为实验材料,设计单因素试验,研究不同添加量鹰嘴豆粉对鱼肉香肠质构、色泽、凝胶强度、持水率及蒸煮损失率等品质特性的影响。结果表明：添加鹰嘴豆粉对鱼肉香肠的质构特性、色泽、凝胶强度及保水性均产生影响,鹰嘴豆粉添加量0%～10%时,鱼肉香肠的硬度、咀嚼性、凝胶强度和持水率出现先上升后下降趋势,其中鹰嘴豆粉添加量6%时达到最大值,而蒸煮损失率、亮度值和白度显著减小（P＜0.05）,鹰嘴豆粉添加量大于6%时蒸煮损失率下降趋于平缓。综上可知,鹰嘴豆粉可以影响低温鱼肉香肠食用品质,在鹰嘴豆粉添加量为6%时,各项指标均趋于理想范围,因此鹰嘴豆粉的最佳添加量为6%。鱼肉香肠中添加适量鹰嘴豆粉不仅能改善香肠品质,还能赋予鱼肉香肠鹰嘴豆特有风味。     

Physicochemical Properties,Fatty Acid Profiles,and Sensory Characteristics of Fermented Beef Sausage by Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 or Lactobacillus acidophilus IIA‐2B4

Probiotics may be used to enhance the functionality and nutritional values of fermented sausages. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of beef sausages fermented by lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 and L. acidophilus IIA‐2B4. These strains were isolated from beef cattle and have shown to display probiotic features. While the nutrient contents were not affected by the probiotics, the pH, texture, and color varied among the sausages. Further analysis on fatty acids showed different profiles of saturated (C14:0, C17:0, and C20:0) and unsaturated (C14:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C22:6n3) fatty acids in sausages with probiotics. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry further revealed some flavor development compounds including acid, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic, ketones, sulfur, hydrocarbons and terpenes, varied among the sausages. Hedonic test showed no difference in the preference toward aroma, texture, and color for untrained panelists.     

中温杀菌对乳化肠挥发性风味物质变化的影响

以乳化肠为研究对象,分析中温杀菌与低温、高温杀菌带来的风味物质的变化规律。利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪,分别对80℃低温杀菌、95℃中温杀菌、105℃中温杀菌和121℃高温杀菌的乳化肠的挥发性风味成分进行定性和半定量的分析。结果表明:4种热杀菌的乳化肠分别鉴定出39、39、41、37种挥发性风味物质,不同的热杀菌方式会导致挥发性风味物质种类和含量发生变化;对中温乳化肠风味贡献较大的化合物有:己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-戊基呋喃和2-甲氧基-4-(2-丙烯基)-苯酚。     

The effects of cereal additives in low-fat sausages and meatballs. Part 1: Untreated and enzyme-treated rye bran

Rye bran was added to frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs with the aim of producing low-fat products with increased dietary fibre content. The addition of untreated rye bran to sausages was detrimental, causing a substantial increase in frying loss (20% compared to 13.2%). The addition of rye bran treated with hydrolytic enzymes reduced the frying loss to 15.2–16.4%. The firmness was also improved by the treatments (12.8–14.2 N compared to 8.8 N). Enzymatic treatment of rye bran did not however improve the water-holding capacity or the texture of sausages compared to the rye bran that had only been soaked in water. The reason could be that enzymes degraded the solubilized fraction of the dietary fibre, leaving small fragments that cannot contribute to the water-holding capacity and the texture of the sausages. The benefits of treating rye bran in water were not seen in meatballs, probably due to the more particulate structure of meatballs, which is not as sensitive to additives.     

Identification and functional traits of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Ciauscolo salami produced in Central Italy

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Ciauscolo salami produced in Marche Region of Central Italy, and LAB strains belonging to our laboratory collection were examined for their capability to survive at low pH and bile, to adhere to Caco-2 cells, and for antibiotic resistance. LAB from Ciauscolo were identified by ARDRA and RAPD-PCR. Our study showed that all LAB strains had good adaptation to gastric juice and moderate tolerance to bile. The adhesiveness was variable among strains but significantly lower in LAB from food. Antibiotic resistance was broadly spread among food strains, with level of resistance exceeding 15% for all the antibiotics tested. The resistance determinants erm(B) and tet(M) were found in nine strains of food origin (21.4%) while tet(L) in one strain of our collection (5%). Our work suggests that fermented foods are valuable sources of bacterial strains with functional traits of intestinal lactobacilli. These bacteria may be further studied for their use in probiotic applications.