Healthy reduced-fat Bologna sausages enriched in ALA and DHA and stabilized with Melissa officinalis extract

Reduced-energy and reduced-fat Bologna products enriched with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were formulated by replacing the pork back-fat by an oil-in-water emulsion containing a mixture of linseed-algae oil stabilized with a lyophilized Melissa officinalis extract. Healthier composition and lipid profile was obtained: 85 kcal/100 g, 3.6% fat, 0.6 g ALA and 0.44 g DHA per 100 g of product and ω-6/ω-3 ratio of 0.4. Technological and sensory problems were not detected in the new formulations. Reformulation did not cause oxidation problems during 32 days of storage under refrigeration. The results suggest that it is possible to obtain reduced-fat Bologna-type sausages rich in ALA and DHA and stabilized with natural antioxidants, applying the appropriate technology without significant effects on the sensory quality, yielding interesting products from a nutritional point of view.     

Monitoring the bacterial population dynamics during the ripening of Galician chorizo,a traditional dry fermented Spanish sausage

The dynamics of the bacterial population throughout the ripening of Galician chorizo, a traditional dry fermented sausage produced in the north-west of Spain, were investigated by using classical and molecular approaches.     

Effect of green tea or rosemary extract on protein oxidation in Bologna type sausages prepared from oxidatively stressed pork

Bologna type sausages were prepared from oxidatively stressed pork (UV-irradiation, 48 h, 5 °C) using a traditional recipe (control) or the same recipe but added green tea extract (500 ppm total phenolic compounds) or rosemary extract (400 ppm total phenolic compounds). Green tea and rosemary extracts protected against formation of TBARS and protein carbonyls. On the contrary, increased thiol loss and a distinct loss of myosin heavy chain and actin due to polymerization by reducible bonds as determined by SDS-page were found by addition of green tea extract. The enhanced protein polymerization was ascribed to the reaction between quinone compounds from the plant extracts and protein thiol groups to yield phenol-mediated protein polymerization. Analysis by ESR spectroscopy revealed increased radical intensities in sausages added plant extracts, which was ascribed to originate from protein-bound phenoxyl radicals, which may protect against other oxidatively induced protein modifications.     

Quality of frankfurter-type sausages with added pig skin and wheat fiber mixture as fat replacers

Pig skin and wheat fiber mixture (PSFM) were assessed as fat replacers in frankfurter-type sausages. The addition of PSFM increased the moisture and protein content in the sausage because of the water binding capacity in wheat fiber and protein content in pig skin. The sausage sample containing 20% PSFM had 50% less fat, 32% fewer calories, and showed 39.5% less cooking loss than those of the control (p < 0.05). High PSFM content resulted in more stable meat emulsions and increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. No significant differences were observed in color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, warm-off flavor, and overall acceptability between the control and sausage sample with PSFM by the sensory panel. Therefore, PSFM could be used as fat replacers to obtain lower calories, and higher moisture, protein contents, and emulsion stability than in low-fat frankfurter-type sausages without PSFM.     

腐生葡萄球菌发酵鸭肉香肠工艺研究

研究以腐生葡萄球菌作为发酵菌种发酵鸭肉香肠的工艺条件。以发酵鸭肉香肠的pH 值、水分活度、游离氨基酸含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计对发酵时间、加盐量、加糖量进行优化,采用SPME/GC/MS 技术分析发酵鸭肉香肠中挥发性风味化合物的种类及含量。结果表明：各组发酵鸭肉香肠的水分活度以及pH值没有明显差异,发酵时间9d,糖添加量为2% 以及盐添加量为2.5% 时,发酵鸭肉香肠的游离氨基酸含量较高,风味较好,适宜保藏,以此作为最佳发酵工艺条件。     

发酵香肠中生物胺含量影响因素的研究进展

介绍生物胺的种类、危害及在发酵香肠中存在的可能,重点分析了原料肉、发酵剂、工艺条件(温度、pH值、香肠直径、辅助配料、贮藏条件)等因子对发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响,并提出了通过控制原料肉的卫生质量、使用优良的发酵剂、控制蛋白质的水解程度、使用添加剂等措施降低发酵香肠中生物胺含量。     

玉米醇溶蛋白膜在腌肉制品及果蔬中的保鲜作用研究

本文旨在将玉米醇溶蛋白用于青椒、西红柿、腊肉、香肠的涂膜保鲜,添加不同的增塑剂。实验结果表明,涂膜液的最佳配方为:醇溶蛋白总量与80%乙醇溶液之比为1∶10(g/ml),保鲜西红柿、青椒时,以5%的甘油作增塑剂,其添加量分别为0.5、0.8ml时保鲜效果最好。保鲜腊肉、香肠使用虫胶、油酸作增塑剂,添加量分别为0.3mg、0.1ml时,能有效延长腌肉制品的货架期。     

The relationship between the composition and texture of conventional and low-fat frankfurters

The chemical composition, instrumental texture and sensory properties of eighteen conventional and three low-fat commercially produced frankfurters were analysed. The most important factors in defining the texture of the product were hardness and juiciness, these being related respectively to the percentage of protein and the fat/protein ratio in the frankfurter. Subsequently, using a basic formulation of soya protein and starch, different levels of fat (10 and 15%) and hydrocolloids [carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and apple pectin] were tested. According to results from these trials, three low-fat formulations were chosen. The three low-fat sausages were a sausage with 15% fat and carrageenan (0.5%), a sausage with 10% fat and a combination of carrageenan (0.5%) and pectin (0.4%) and a sausage with 10% fat and a combination of carrageenan (0.5%) and CMC (0.1%). The sensory and instrumental texture attributes of the three low-fat and the standard sausages were investigated. Results indicated that low-fat (10%) frankfurters with a texture profile similar to standard frankfurters could be manufactured through the addition of mixtures of proteins and hydrocolloids. The combination of carrageenan with CMC or apple pectin is more efficient than the use of carrageenan alone as both combinations allow a higher reduction of fat, at the same time achieving a final texture well liked by consumers.     

烤肠中芽孢杆菌生长动力学模型及货架期预测

以真空包装烤肠中芽孢杆菌为研究对象,建立其生长动力学模型及货架期预测模型。将同批次真空包装烤肠存放于4,10,25℃条件下,定期进行各指标测定,由此建立其中芽孢杆菌生长的一级和二级模型以及货架期预测模型。结果表明,修正的Gompertz模型可以很好的描述烤肠中的芽孢杆菌的生长情况,建立不同温度下3个一级生长动力学模型,其R2均在0.960以上,其偏差因子Bf与准确因子Af值均在可接受范围内;平方根(Belehradck)模型可以很好的描述温度与延滞时间(λ)、最大比生长速率(μmax)间的关系,建立了温度与延滞时间、最大比生长速率间的二级模型,其R2均在0.940以上,其残差的绝对值均小于0.1;通过一级和二级模型建立出了真空包装烤肠在4～25℃条件下贮存的货架期预测模型。     

Dry fermented sausages enriched with lycopene from tomato peel

Tomato industries yield a high amount of by-products mainly tomato peel and seeds. Since tomato peel is rich in lycopene, the direct addition of peel to food products could be a way to use this by-product to obtain a new products enriched in lycopene. This work describes experiments performed to develop dry fermented sausages (salchichón) containing this carotene. 0%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% (w/w) of dry tomato peel was added to the meat mixture used in sausage manufacture. A slight losts of lycopene was detected after 21 days ripening, however, levels remained between 0.26 and 0.58 mg of lycopene/100 g of sausage. The sensory and textural properties and overall acceptability of all sausages were good, indicating that tomato peel could be added to dry fermented sausages to produce a meat product enriched in lycopene.