竹醋酸在猪粪堆肥中的保氮作用

畜牧业发展带来的环境问题越来越引起社会的关注,堆肥作为传统的工艺被广泛的用来处理畜牧业废弃物,而在传统的堆肥过程中氮素的损失比较严重,因而在堆肥中要尽可能的保存氮素,提高堆肥的质量,增加农用价值。本实验以稻草秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥实验,分析堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、氨氮和硝氮等的变化情况,比较不同浓度的竹醋酸对堆肥过程中减少氮损失的作用.对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性;跟空白堆体相比,堆肥物料在1∶2000、1∶1500和1∶1000浓度的竹醋酸作用下,氮素损失分别减少12.5%、10.1%和11.9%,说明其具有一定的保氮作用.     

钢铁企业重点科研项目实施的探索与思考

介绍了科研项目管理的概念，决策立项的意义。以钢铁企业实施重点科研项目的管理为例，对于科研项目过程中的产学研相结合模式的实践、项目管理模式与团队建设探索、协调处理生产与研发的关系、项目成果转化评估等方面进行了探讨。     

Psychological and Social Predictors of Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Over 12 Months Following Behavioral and Nutrition Education Counseling.

This study assessed psychological and social factors predicting 12-month changes in fruit and vegetable consumption achieved by 271 men and women from a low-income population randomized to brief behavioral and nutrition education counseling. Greater increases in fruit and vegetable intake were achieved in the behavioral than in the nutrition education condition (1.49 vs. 0.87 portions per day, p=.021). Increases were predicted by baseline social support for dietary change but not by baseline psychological measures. However, short-term (8-week) changes in dietary self-efficacy, encouragement, anticipated regret, perceived benefits, and knowledge of recommended intake predicted 12-month changes in fruit and vegetable consumption independently of gender, age, ethnicity, income, and baseline intake. These factors accounted for 51% of the superiority of behavioral counseling over nutrition education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于特征提取与识别两阶段的汽车电机轴承故障诊断

针对特征提取和故障识别这两个轴承故障诊断的关键环节,提出一种汽车电机轴承故障诊断新方法。该方法在特征提取环节:提出了将LCD分解和符号熵(SE)相结合的特征提取方法;在故障识别环节为提高果蝇算法(FOA)对相关向量机(RVM)参数的寻优能力,在FOA算法中增加了向"历史"学习的策略,提出具有历史学习能力的果蝇算法(HSAFOA),有效地提升了RVM的分类性能。汽车电机轴承不同类型、不同程度故障诊断实例表明,LCD符号熵可有效对故障进行表征,而HSAFOA算法则提升了RVM的识别效果,相比于其他一些方法更有优势。     

Chitosan disrupts Penicillium expansum and controls postharvest blue mold of jujube fruit

Chitosan has been shown to be effective for control of postharvest diseases on various fruit. However, little is known about the effect of chitosan on blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on jujube fruit. Here we show that application of chitosan reduced disease development of blue mold caused by P. expansum in wounded and inoculated jujube fruit at 25 °C. Chitosan also provided an inhibitory effect on natural decay of jujube fruit during storage at 0 °C. Application of a chitosan coating to fruit had hardly any significant effect on the changes of weight loss, soluble solid contents, titratable acidity, and vitamin C, as storage time increased. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of chitosan against blue mold on jujube fruit, we analyzed the growth of P. expansum after chitosan treatment. Results indicated that spore germination, germ tube length and mycelial growth of P. expansum were significantly inhibited by chitosan in a concentration-dependent mode. Using the fluorescent probe propidium iodide, we found that the plasma membrane of P. expansum collapsed significantly after chitosan treatment. Further observation by electron microscopy revealed that plasma membrane of P. expansum was gradually disrupted after chitosan application. Our data suggest that chitosan may be potentially used for controlling postharvest diseases in jujube fruit without negative effect on fruit quality.     

Comparison of enzyme‐assisted and ultrasound‐assisted extraction of vitamin C and phenolic compounds from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit

This article describes a comparative study of enzyme and ultrasound techniques for the simultaneous extraction of vitamin C and phenolic compounds from acerola fruit. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) took only 6 min to achieve the highest level of vitamin C and phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity of acerola juice, while enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE) took up to 120 min to obtain the maximal values. On the basis of kinetic model of second‐order extraction, the extraction rate constant of vitamin C and phenolics in UAE increased approximately 3.1 and 2.7 times, respectively, in comparison with that in EAE. In addition, the maximal level of vitamin C, phenolics and the antioxidant activity evaluated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods in UAE was 4.6%, 3.5%, 4.6% and 3.3%, respectively, higher than those in EAE. Obviously, UAE is a useful method for the extraction of antioxidants from plant materials.