金属Cr层对Cr/Cr2N纳米多层涂层的性能影响

目的研究金属Cr层对Cr/Cr_2N纳米多层涂层结构和性能的影响,为多层硬质涂层在海洋等腐蚀性介质中的应用提供理论基础。方法采用多弧离子镀技术制备一系列不同金属Cr层厚度的Cr/Cr_2N纳米多层涂层,采用XRD、SEM、纳米压痕及划痕仪测试了多层涂层的结构、微观形貌和机械性能。采用电化学工作站评价了Cr/Cr2N纳米多层涂层在海水环境下的电化学行为,并采用摩擦实验机测试了涂层在海水环境下的摩擦学性能。结果 Cr层对Cr/Cr_2N纳米多层涂层的结构产生了一定的影响。不同Cr层厚度的Cr/Cr_2N纳米多层涂层在海水环境下的磨损率差别不大,均约为1.2×10-6 mm~3/(N·m),具有良好的耐磨损性能。Cr层厚度约为21 nm的Cr/Cr2N纳米多层涂层在海水环境下具有较高的阻抗值,呈现出较高的耐腐蚀性能。结论一定厚度的金属层(如Cr层厚度约为21 nm)和界面是多层涂层呈现较高耐腐蚀性能的关键。Cr/Cr2N纳米多层涂层在海水环境下良好的耐腐蚀和耐磨损性能,使其可应用于海洋等腐蚀性介质中,并发挥良好的表面防护作用。     

TiN及TiSiN涂层在海水环境下的摩擦学行为研究

目的对比研究海水环境下Ti N及Ti Si N涂层与Al2O3对磨的摩擦磨损行为。方法采用多弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢及单晶硅片上制备Ti N及Ti Si N涂层。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了涂层的截面形貌及化学组织成分。选择纳米压痕仪测量了Ti N及Ti Si N涂层的硬度及弹性模量,使用UMT-3往复式摩擦试验机研究了人工模拟海水环境下Al2O3与Ti N及Ti Si N涂层对磨后的摩擦磨损行为,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子能谱(EDS)及表面轮廓仪来深入分析了磨痕的摩擦磨损情况。结果研究表明,Ti N涂层的硬度为32.5 GPa,当Si元素掺入涂层以后,Ti Si N涂层的硬度提高到了37 GPa。同时,较之于Ti N涂层,Ti Si N涂层的腐蚀电流密度下降了一个数量级。在摩擦实验中,Ti N涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.35和5.21×10-6 mm3/(N·m),而Ti Si N涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均有明显下降,分别为0.24和1.96×10-6 mm3/(N·m)。结论 Si元素掺杂后能显著提高Ti N涂层在海水环境下的摩擦学性能,主要归因于结构的致密,硬度、韧性、抗腐蚀性的提高及润滑相的形成。     

恒电位对TiAlN涂层在海水环境中磨蚀性能的影响

目的研究不同恒电位对TiAlN涂层在海水环境中磨蚀性能的影响,分析其腐蚀磨损行为。方法用PVD多弧离子镀技术在316不锈钢上沉积TiAlN涂层。通过XRD测试、硬度测试、结合力测试、电化学工作站测试、不同恒电位下磨蚀测试及磨痕截面轮廓测试,分别评价TiAlN涂层的相结构、表面硬度、结合力、电化学性能、摩擦系数和磨损率,通过扫描电子显微镜观察涂层磨痕形貌并分析其磨蚀损伤机理。结果 TiAlN涂层在海水环境下的抗腐蚀性优于基体316不锈钢。在阴极电位下,恒电位增加使涂层的摩擦系数逐渐降低。阳极电位为0.5 V时,摩擦形成的TiO_2基含水化合物颗粒可作为润滑剂,使涂层的摩擦系数迅速降低至0.45。TiAlN涂层在干摩擦条件下的磨损率为5.5678×10-5 mm3/(N·m),在阴极保护电位为-1 V下的磨损率为2.2909×10-6 mm3/(N·m),在开路电位(OCP)下的磨损率为7.4881×10-5 mm3/(N·m)。结论随着加载电位(SCE)的升高,涂层的腐蚀效应愈发明显。涂层在阴极电位下的磨蚀机理主要为塑性变形,在阳极电位下的磨蚀机理主要为疲劳点蚀。     

模拟海水淡化一级反渗透产水中咪唑啉复配缓蚀剂对碳钢的缓蚀效果

通过电化学测试、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线光电子能谱法(XPS)和X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了2-十一烷基-N-羧甲基-N-羟乙基咪唑啉(UHCI)与硫酸锌(ZnSO4)复配对20钢在模拟海水淡化一级反渗透产水中的缓蚀效果。结果表明:复配缓蚀剂是一种混合型缓蚀剂,能有效抑制20钢的腐蚀,复配缓蚀剂的添加总量为100mg/L时,最佳配比为50mg/L HUCI+50mg/L ZnSO4,此时缓蚀率达到96.99%;UHCI分子吸附在金属阳极区,抑制了阳极反应,ZnSO4以Zn(OH)2的形式沉积在金属阴极区,抑制了阴极反应。     

CrN/CrAlSiN涂层海水环境下的摩擦学性能

为提高海洋装备摩擦零部件的摩擦学性能,采用多弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢上制备了CrN/CrAlSiN涂层。通过XRD、XPS表征涂层的物相及成分,SEM和TEM表征涂层的形貌和微观结构,并用纳米压痕仪测试其硬度,采用摩擦磨损试验机对涂层在大气和海水环境中的摩擦磨损性能进行测试。结果表明:CrN/CrAlSiN涂层的微观结构主要有CrN相、AlN相以及非晶态Si_3N_4包裹CrN、AlN相,(111)择优取向最为明显;基于微观结构与CrN过渡层的设计,CrAlSiN涂层硬度高达35.5 GPa;较之于316L基底,涂层致密的结构使其在海水环境下表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能;在大气和海水环境下,CrN/CrAlSiN涂层的摩擦因数及磨损率均明显降低,在海水环境下达到最优。     

Physical scale modelling of stray current interference to shipboard ICCP system

Cathodic protection is commonly used for corrosion protection of the underwater hull structures of naval platforms. Cathodic protection works by establishing an electrostatic field that provides the desired potential and current distributions in the seawater surrounding the structures to be protected. Interference to a ship’s cathodic protection system may occur when the ship is alongside a jetty or another naval ship due to the influence of the electrostatic field associated with the cathodic protection system employed on the jetty or another naval ship. The interference may alter the electrostatic field surrounding the ship and, therefore, the level of corrosion protection to the ship hull. In the current study, a physical scale modelling technique is used to evaluate how, and to what extent, the level of cathodic protection on a ship hull could be affected by an external current source. A 1/100 scale ship model with two-zone four-anode impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system is used in the study. The modelling results indicate that the presence of stray current may affect the potential distribution along the ship hull. The extent of stray current effect depends on a number of factors including the relative position and layout of stray current source, the magnitude and direction of the stray current flow and the operating mode of the shipboard ICCP system.     

Economic evaluation of different scenarios for gas turbine waste heat recovery to produce water and power

In this study, economic analysis of different configurations of combined power and water systems is performed using DEEP software. Three different desalination systems including reverse osmosis (RO), multi-effect desalination (MED) and multi-stage flash (MSF) coupled to a gas turbine power plant with 2?×?165.1?MW capacity are considered and analysed. A specific capacity of 50,000?m³/day is assumed for all desalination systems. The results indicate that the RO system has the lowest simple payback time, while MED has the highest thermal utilisation. In terms of levelised cost of water, the RO system has the lowest amount with 1.03?$/(m³/day), while levelised cost of water for MED and MSF are equal to 1.47 and 1.93?$/(m³/day), respectively. Also sensitivity analysis showed that the fuel cost is the most effective parameter on the levelised cost of water. In general, it can be concluded that the RO system is the best choice in terms of economics.     

热电厂不同容量机组海水脱硫方案比选

结合目前国内外先进的烟气脱硫技术特点,对热电厂（2×350 MW+2×50 MW）机组的海水脱硫方案,从保障电厂安全可靠运行、优化电厂脱硫及全厂总体布置、节省项目投资及降低运行费用等方面进行了技术经济比较和优化建议,推荐了适合本类工程的海水脱硫系统最佳方案。     

基于多效蒸发技术的油田污水淡化系统及分析

针对油田污水污染物成分复杂、污染性强不适合膜法脱盐的特点,提出用多效蒸发(multiple-effect evaporation,MEE)技术对油田污水进行集中脱盐处理的技术方案.建立了基于MEE的油田污水集中脱盐系统的工艺流程设计计算模型,系统分析了蒸汽加热温度、油田污水温度、浓缩液含盐质量分数及系统效数的影响.结果...     

海水淡化中降膜蒸发过程的实验研究

由于横管降膜蒸发具有传热系数高、热耗低、可利用低品位能源等优点,横管降膜蒸发技术成为低温多效海水淡化技术中应用最广泛的方法.搭建了单管横管降膜试验台,观测了横管降膜蒸发的流动过程,研究了横管降膜蒸发过程中的流动特性和传热特性,归纳了管间距、喷淋密度对横管降膜蒸发过程中流动特性和传热特性的影响.实验结果表明:喷淋密度的增...