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991.
Pamela L. Nagler Russell L. Scott Craig Westenburg James R. Cleverly Edward P. Glenn Alfredo R. Huete 《Remote sensing of environment》2005,97(3):337-351
We combined remote sensing and in-situ measurements to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation over large reaches of western U.S. rivers and ET by individual plant types. ET measured from nine flux towers (eddy covariance and Bowen ratio) established in plant communities dominated by five major plant types on the Middle Rio Grande, Upper San Pedro River, and Lower Colorado River was strongly correlated with Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the NASA Terra satellite. The inclusion of maximum daily air temperatures (Ta) measured at the tower sites further improved this relationship. Sixteen-day composite values of EVI and Ta were combined to predict ET across species and tower sites (r2 = 0.74); the regression equation was used to scale ET for 2000-2004 over large river reaches with Ta from meteorological stations. Measured and estimated ET values for these river segments were moderate when compared to historical, and often indirect, estimates and ranged from 851-874 mm yr− 1. ET of individual plant communities ranged more widely. Cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) stands generally had the highest annual ET rates (1100-1300 mm yr− 1), while mesquite (Prosopis velutina) (400-1100 mm yr− 1) and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) (300-1300 mm yr− 1) were intermediate, and giant sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii) (500-800 mm yr− 1) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) (300-700 mm yr− 1) were the lowest. ET rates estimated from the flux towers and by remote sensing in this study were much lower than values estimated for riparian water budgets using crop coefficient methods for the Middle Rio Grande and Lower Colorado River. 相似文献
992.
An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Global satellite ocean color instruments provide the scientific community a high-resolution means of studying the marine biosphere. Satellite data product validation and algorithm development activities both require the substantial accumulation of high-quality in-situ observations. The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group maintains a local repository of in-situ marine bio-optical data, the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), to facilitate their ocean color satellite validation analyses. Data were acquired from SeaBASS and used to compile a large set of coincident radiometric observations and phytoplankton pigment concentrations for use in bio-optical algorithm development. This new data set, the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set (NOMAD), includes over 3400 stations of spectral water-leaving radiances, surface irradiances, and diffuse downwelling attenuation coefficients, encompassing chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 72.12 mg m− 3. Metadata, such as the date, time, and location of data collection, and ancillary data, including sea surface temperatures and water depths, accompany each record. This paper describes the assembly and evaluation of NOMAD, and further illustrates the broad geophysical range of stations incorporated into NOMAD. 相似文献
993.
Substrate age and precipitation effects on Hawaiian forest canopies from spaceborne imaging spectroscopy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gregory P. Asner Kimberly M. Carlson Roberta E. Martin 《Remote sensing of environment》2005,98(4):457-467
We used spaceborne imaging spectroscopy provided by the Earth Observing-1 Hyperion sensor to quantify the relative importance of precipitation and substrate age that control ecosystem development and functioning in Metrosideros polymorpha rainforests of Hawaii. Four hyperspectral vegetation indices provided metrics of forest canopy structure, biochemistry and physiology to compare along gradients of annual rainfall (750 to > 6000 mm year− 1) and substrate age (0 to 250,000 years). The canopy greenness index NDVI increased with annual precipitation and substrate age, but saturated in forests with rainfall of 3000 mm year− 1. Precipitation and substrate age were roughly equal contributors to the observed greenness of the forests. A canopy water content index (NDWI) also increased with precipitation and substrate age, but did not reach a maximum until very wet (> 5000 mm year− 1) forest conditions were encountered on the oldest substrates. The water index appears superior to the NDVI in capturing spatial and climate-substrate driven variations in canopy structure. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) indicated highest light-use efficiency levels in canopies on the most developed substrates and at annual precipitation levels of 3-4500 mm year− 1. A leaf carotenoid index (CRI) suggested a maximum canopy photosynthetic capacity at ∼ 4000 mm rainfall year− 1 on the oldest substrates. These results quantify the sensitivity of rainforest canopies to changing precipitation and soil conditions, and they corroborate plot-scale analyses in native Hawaiian forests ecosystems. Structural and functional studies of remote rainforest regions are possible with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy, and could be used to understand the dynamics of rainforests with climate change. 相似文献
994.
995.
介绍了我国对地观测体系已经开展的工作;提出了改进遥感数据质量是基础,扩大数据共享是关键,开展典型应用为国民经济服务是目的的发展战略. 相似文献
996.
997.
998.
Bacterial populations meet the challenges of dynamic spatially heterogeneous environments with fluctuating biotic and abiotic
factors in a number of ways. The motivation for the work presented here has been to transfer ideas from bacterial adaptability
and evolvability to computational problem solving. Following a brief comment on some examples of the ways bacteria solve problems,
a bacterially-inspired computational architecture for simulating aspects of problem solving is described. We then examine
three case studies. The first, a study of the mutational impact of a remediation to toxic (fitness-reducing) material, highlights
how a sufficiently pre-engineered adaptive system can solve a difficult problem quite easily. The second study looks at why
it is difficult to evolve complex problem solving behaviours and how artificial selection mechanisms coupled with pre-engineering
the system can help. Specifically, this refers to quorum sensing and tactic behaviours. A further study looked at ways in
which a quorum sensing analogue could help computational agents find multiple peaks in a landscape. The paper concludes with
a discussion of an investigation of bacteria that had both quorum sensing and tactic capabilities. 相似文献
999.
Sergio Bermejo 《Applied Intelligence》2006,24(1):61-73
Electronic noses and tongues are two recent examples in chemical sensing that employ statistical array techniques in order
to overcome the intrinsic limitations of current solid-state chemical sensors like ion-selective field transistors (ISFET).
In particular, ISFETs are sensitive to the concentration of a particular ion in a solution to be measured, but they can be
also strongly affected by several interfering ions found in the solution. Hence, they must be employed in regions in which
the effect of interferences is negligible thus limiting their range of operation. However, as we show, ISFETs behave as non-linear
mixers of main ion activities and interfering ones and thus an attempt to separate the original main ion activity and interferences
from the mixed response is suitable with independent component analysis (ICA) methods. In this direction, a novel learning
algorithm is proposed which synergistically combines ICA and linear regression for dealing with the separation in ISFET responses
and further reconstruction of ion activities in those operating regions in which interferences notably affect their response.
Several experiments with real ISFET measurements demonstrate the interest of proposed methods. 相似文献
1000.
In Queensland, Australia, forest areas are discriminated from non-forest by applying a threshold (∼ 12%) to Landsat-derived Foliage Projected Cover (FPC) layers (equating to ∼ 20% canopy cover), which are produced routinely for the State. However, separation of woody regrowth following agricultural clearing cannot be undertaken with confidence, and is therefore not mapped routinely by State Agencies. Using fully polarimetric C-, L- and P-band NASA AIRSAR and Landsat FPC data for forests and agricultural land near Injune, central Queensland, we corroborate that woody regrowth dominated by Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) cannot be discriminated using either FPC or indeed C-band data alone, because the rapid attainment of a canopy cover leads to similarities in both reflectance and backscatter with remnant forest. We also show that regrowth cannot be discriminated from non-forest areas using either L-band or P-band data alone. However, mapping can be achieved by thresholding and intersecting these layers, as regrowth is unique in supporting both a high FPC (> ∼ 12%) and C-band SAR backscatter (> ~ − 18 dB at HV polarisation) and low L-band and P-band SAR backscatter (e.g. < =∼ 14 dB at L-band HH polarisation). To provide a theoretical explanation, a wave scattering model based on that of Durden et al. [Durden, S.L., Van Zyl, J.J. & Zebker, H.A. (1989). Modelling and observation of radar polarization signature of forested areas. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 27, 290-301.] was used to demonstrate that volume scattering from leaves and small branches in the upper canopy leads to increases in C-band backscattering (particularly HV polarisations) from regrowth, which increases proportionally with FPC. By contrast, low L-band and P-band backscatter occurs because of the lack of double bounce interactions at co-polarisations (particularly HH) and volume scattering at HV polarisation from the stems and branches, respectively, when their dimensions are smaller than the wavelength. Regrowth maps generated by applying simple thresholds to both FPC and AIRSAR L-band data showed a very close correspondence with those mapped using same-date 2.5 m Hymap data and an average 73.7% overlap with those mapped through time-series comparison of Landsat-derived land cover classifications. Regrowth mapped using Landsat-derived FPC from 1995 and JER-1 SAR data from 1994-1995 also corresponded with areas identified within the time-series classification and true colour stereo photographs for the same period. The integration of Landsat FPC and L-band SAR data is therefore expected to facilitate regrowth mapping across Queensland and other regions of Australia, particularly as Japan's Advanced Land Observing System (ALOS) Phase Arrayed L-band SAR (PALSAR), to be launched in 2006, will observe at both L-band HH and HV polarisations. 相似文献