Evidence for an attractant in cuticular lipids of femaleLucilia cuprina (Wied.), Australian sheep blowfly

Various nonpolar and weakly polar organic solvent extracts of femaleLucilia cuprina caused more flies to be trapped in conical flasks, placed in cages of blowflies, than in untreated flasks or in flasks treated with similar extracts of maleL. cuprina. This is attributed to an attractant present in the extracts of female flies, and since more females than males tended to be trapped, the attractant (or pheromone) possibly plays a role in the group oviposition behavior exhibited by this species. The data from experiments and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) examinations of dichloromethane and hexane extracts of flies suggest that the attractant is a cuticular lipid.     

不同热处理条件下羊血浆蛋白体外模拟消化研究

目的 研究不同热处理条件下羊血浆蛋白的体外模拟消化特性及其蛋白质二级结构的变化规律。方法 采用胃蛋白酶对热处理后的羊血浆蛋白进行体外模拟消化,利用茚三酮法、十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）、表面电位（Zeta potential）及粒径、傅立叶变换红外光谱（Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）等表征羊血浆蛋白的水解程度及消化产物的结构特性。结果 热处理可使羊血浆蛋白消化产物水解度增加,90℃热处理时水解度达到最大值,热处理可产生更多的低分子量组分,消化降解更为完全。90℃热处理时羊血浆蛋白消化产物的粒径分布单一,聚集程度最高。70~90℃热处理组的红外光谱显示酰胺Ⅰ带向低波数方向有不同程度红移,随着热处理程度的增加,羊血浆蛋白消化产物中α-螺旋结构含量先增加后减少,β-折叠结构含量总体降低。结论 热处理对羊血浆蛋白体外模拟消化均有一定的促进作用,从蛋白质变性的角度考虑,羊血浆蛋白的热处理强度不宜超过90℃ 20 min。     

不同宰前运输时间对羊肉品质的影响

宰前运输处理是影响畜禽肉品质的重要宰前因素之一。选取6月龄乌珠穆沁羊与小尾寒羊杂交公羊40只,分别进行宰前运输0 h(对照)、1 h、3 h和6 h处理,分析羊肉食用品质、感官品质及蛋白质特性,研究不同宰前运输时间对羊肉品质的影响。结果表明,运输处理组羊肉宰后24 h pH值、剪切力显著高于对照组,分别上升0.54~2.90%和15.60~24.61%(P0.05)。宰前运输3 h、6 h分别使羊肉ΔE值显著升高6.12%和6.50%,使感官评价总体可接受性得分显著下降13.51%和20.82%(P0.05)。宰前运输6 h组羊肉蒸煮损失显著低于对照组,降低了7.37%(P0.05)。宰前运输1 h组羊肉宰后降解程度低于对照组(P0.05)。宰前运输1 h、3 h和6 h对羊肉品质造成不同程度的消极影响,因此,宰前应尽量避免运输或运输后采取其他宰前操作使羊从运输应激中恢复。     

苏尼特羊羊尾油的理化性质测定与分提后脂肪酸组成分析

为提高羊尾巴的利用价值,运用真空抽提法从苏尼特羊羊尾巴中提取羊尾油,并对其进行理化性质的测定。另外,将羊尾油进行干法分提,分为固脂、液油两部分,采用气相色谱-质谱法对原油、固脂与液油脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明：苏尼特羊尾油的水分及挥发物含量为8.63%,酸值(KOH)为0.67 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)为180.1 mg/g,碘值(I)为45.48 g/100 g; 3种油样都检测出16种脂肪酸,主要含有棕榈酸、油酸和硬脂酸,液油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较原油和固脂的高。     

羊肉部分下脚料的利用与开发

介绍了从羊肉下脚料羊血、羊心、胰脏提取的一些生化制品的性质和功能,包括凝血酶、超氧化物歧化酶、血红素、细胞色素C、胰酶,并对羊肉下脚料的合理利用提出了建议.     

Ovine Hair Follicle Stem Cells Derived from Single Vibrissae Reconstitute Haired Skin

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) possess fascinating self-renewal capacity and multipotency, which play important roles in mammalian hair growth and skin wound repair. Although HFSCs from other mammalian species have been obtained, the characteristics of ovine HFSCs, as well as the methods to isolate them have not been well addressed. Here, we report an efficient strategy to obtain multipotent ovine HFSCs. Through microdissection and organ culture, we obtained keratinocytes that grew from the bulge area of vibrissa hair follicles, and even abundant keratinocytes were harvested from a single hair follicle. These bulge-derived keratinocytes are highly positive for Krt15, Krt14, Tp63, Krt19 and Itga6; in addition to their strong proliferation abilities in vitro, these keratinocytes formed new epidermis, hair follicles and sebaceous glands in skin reconstitution experiments, showing that these are HFSCs from the bulge outer root sheath. Taken together, we developed an efficient in vitro system to enrich ovine HFSCs, providing enough HFSCs for the investigations about the ovine hair cycle, aiming to promote wool production in the future.     

Composition of Chemical Attractants Affects Trap Catches of the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and Other Blowflies

Numbers of Lucilia cuprina (Australian sheep blowfly), Chrysomya spp., and Calliphora spp. blowflies caught on sticky traps baited with various synthetic attractants or a standard liver/sodium sulfide attractant in western Queensland were recorded. Numbers of each genus collected were influenced by the composition of the chemical attractants. Attractant mixtures based on 2-mercaptoethanol, indole, butanoic/pentanoic acid, and a sodium sulfide solution gave 5- to 20-fold higher L. cuprina catches than the liver standard. These blends attracted similar numbers of Chrysomya spp. (0.85-2.7x) and fewer Calliphora spp. (0.02-0.2x) compared to the liver standard. These synthetic attractants were more effective and selective for L. cuprina than the standard liver/sodium sulfide attractant, and they can be packaged in controlled-release dispensers to generate constant, prolonged release of the attractant.     

不同动物纤维的毡缩性能分析

应用毡缩球法研究了羊毛、马海毛、兔绒、山羊绒、绵羊绒和牦牛绒的毡缩性能.先测量出6种纤维的摩擦因数,然后采用毡缩球法分别测量6种纤维的毡缩性能,分析兔绒与羊毛混纺以及马海毛与羊毛混纺时混合比对纤维毡缩性能的影响.此外,还分析了羊毛和马海毛长度对纤维毡缩性能的影响.得出兔绒与羊毛混纺、马海毛与羊毛混纺时混纺比对混纺纤维毡缩性能的影响规律,以及纤维长度对其毡缩性能的影响规律.     

不同处理棉秆饲料在羊瘤胃中降解的动态规律

选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管体重为(30±2)kg的成年卡拉库尔羊,研究不同化学处理后的棉花秸秆在瘤胃内的降解规律,在6、12、24、36、48、72 h测定干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量,计算相应营养物质的降解率。结果表明:(1)采用“3.5%尿素 2.5%石灰 3.0%食盐”复合处理效果最好,DM、NDF、ADF的有效降解率提高最为显著(P<0.01);(2)棉花秸秆中DM、NDF、ADF的快速可降解部分以及慢速可降解部分的降解率随处理方法不同而呈现差异。     

Characterization of major and trace minerals,fatty acid composition,and cholesterol content of Protected Designation of Origin cheeses

Cheese provides essential nutrients for human nutrition and health, such as minerals and fatty acids (FA). Its composition varies according to milk origin (e.g., species and breed), rearing conditions (e.g., feeding and management), and cheese-making technology (e.g., coagulation process, addition of salt, ripening period). In recent years, cheese production has increased worldwide. Italy is one of the main producers and exporters of cheese. This study aimed to describe mineral, FA, and cholesterol content of 133 samples from 18 commercial cheeses from 4 dairy species (buffalo, cow, goat, and sheep) and from 3 classes of moisture content (hard, <35% moisture; semi-hard, 35–45%; and soft, >45%). Mineral concentrations of cheese samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and FA and cholesterol contents were determined by gas chromatography. Moisture and species had a significant effect on almost all traits: the highest levels of Na, Ca, and Fe were found in cheeses made from sheep milk; the greatest level of Cu was found in cow milk cheese, the lowest amount of K was found in buffalo milk cheese, and the lowest amount of Zn was found in goat cheeses. In all samples, Cr and Pb were not detected (below the level of detection). In general, total fat, protein, and minerals significantly increased when the moisture decreased. Buffalo and goat cheeses had the highest saturated FA content, and sheep cheeses showed the highest content of unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, conjugated linoleic acid, and n-3 FA. Goat and sheep cheeses achieved higher proportions of minor FA than did cow and buffalo cheeses. Buffalo cheese exhibited the lowest cholesterol level. Our results confirm that cheese mineral content is mainly affected by the cheese-making process, whereas FA profile mainly reflects the FA composition of the source milk. This study allowed the characterization of mineral and FA composition and cholesterol content and revealed large variability among different commercial cheeses.