小尾寒羊不同部位羊肉理化特性及肉用品质的比较

以我国著名的优良品种小尾寒羊为研究对象,对其不同分割部位(脊背、腰窝、肋条、前腿、后腿、腱子)羊肉的理化特性进行测定,并对其熟制品(牙签肉)食用品质进行比较.结果表明,根据理化性质不同可将不同分割部位分成臀腿部和躯干部两部分,肉品的脂肪含量、颜色、失水率、剪切力、肌纤维直径和密度有显著差异(p<0.05).肌肉脂肪含量明显影响羊肉产品风味,可作为羊肉风味的评价指标.肌纤维的组织学特性和剪切力都可作为嫩度的评价指标.肋条和腰窝部位肌肉脂肪含量较高,肌肉肌纤维直径细、密度大,系水力较强,剪切力小,肉质较嫩,香气浓郁,因此具有较好的食用品质,是制作烧烤涮羊肉制品的最佳原料.     

超高压对酱卤羊肚感官品质、微观结构及其肌浆蛋白特性的影响

以真空包装酱卤羊肚为研究对象,通过单因素试验探讨超高压（ultra high pressure,UHP）处理对酱卤羊肚感官品质的影响;采用压力水平100、250、400 MPa,保压时间5、10、15、20、25 min,保压温度25 ℃的条件进行UHP处理,通过双缩脲法、圆二色光谱、扫描电子显微镜观察及肌浆蛋白的物化指标分析,研究UHP对酱卤羊肚微观结构及肌浆蛋白特性的影响。结果表明：不同条件的UHP处理导致酱卤羊肚的感官品质差异明显,UHP处理使酱卤羊肚肌浆蛋白的内部基团暴露于分子表面,导致蛋白质的二级结构发生改变,较稳定的α-螺旋含量增加,β-折叠含量降低,而不规则的β-转角和无规卷曲含量无明显变化;羰基含量、表面疏水性和浊度增加,总巯基含量、游离氨基比例、溶解性减小,400 MPa、25 ℃ UHP处理20 min可使肌浆蛋白发生适度的氧化变性,导致酱卤羊肚的微观结构发生改变,最终使产品的感官品质得到改善。     

两种饲养方式对苏尼特羊肉脂肪酸组成和脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

本实验分别选取放牧条件和舍饲条件下饲养12 个月的苏尼特羊各10 只（公母各5 只）,利用气相色谱-质谱法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法测定不同饲养方式下苏尼特羊股二头肌脂肪酸组成和脂肪代谢相关基因表达差异,研究不同饲养方式下脂肪代谢相关基因对脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：放牧组羊肉饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著低于舍饲组（P＜0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著高于舍饲组（P＜0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸中α-亚麻酸、共轭亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸相对含量均显著高于舍饲组（P＜0.05）;放牧条件下股二头肌的固醇调节元件结合蛋白基因表达量显著低于舍饲条件下（P＜0.05）;放牧条件下股二头肌二酰基甘油酰基转移酶、激素敏感酯酶、脂肪酸脱氢酶2基因表达量均显著高于舍饲组（P＜0.05）;同时PPARγ基因表达量与饱和脂肪酸含量呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。由此可见,从脂肪酸的角度来讲,放牧组肌肉营养价值更高,今后可通过调控脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达来改善舍饲羊营养品质。     

沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊不同部位脂肪酸组成和含量的影响

本实验旨在研究沙葱及其提取物对肉羊不同部位脂肪酸组成和含量的影响。将健康小尾寒羊分为对照组（饲喂基础饲粮）、多糖组（饲喂基础饲粮中添加基础饲料质量0.1%的沙葱多糖）、沙葱组（饲喂基础饲粮中添加沙葱10 g/（只·d））、滤渣组（饲喂基础饲粮中添加滤渣10 g/（只·d））,预实验期15 d,正式实验期60 d,实验结束后,分别采集背最长肌、臀肌、皮下脂肪后采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定脂肪酸的组成和含量。结果表明：与对照组相比,沙葱组背最长肌中的C14:1、C16:1、C17:1和中链膻味脂肪酸（midchain mutton odour fatty acid,MCMOFA）、3 个实验组臀肌中的C22:6n3、沙葱组皮下脂肪中的C18:1n9c、滤渣组皮下脂肪中的C18:3n3、多糖组和沙葱组皮下脂肪中的C18:3n6相对含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）,沙葱组和滤渣组臀肌中的C20:0、沙葱组臀肌中的C18:3n6和C20:1、滤渣组臀肌中的C10:0、C23:0和MCMOFA、沙葱组和滤渣组皮下脂肪中的C17:0、沙葱组皮下脂肪中的C18:0和C18:1n9t、3 个实验组皮下脂肪中的C15:1相对含量均显著升高（P＜0.05）;沙葱组背最长肌中的饱和脂肪酸和MCMOFA、3 个实验组背最长肌中的多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）、滤渣组臀肌中的PUFA、沙葱组和滤渣组背最长肌的C18:0含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）,3 个实验组背最长肌和臀肌中总脂肪酸含量均有降低趋势（P＞0.05）;多糖组和沙葱组3 个部位中的致动脉粥样化指数、沙葱组和滤渣组背最长肌中的形成血栓指数均呈降低趋势（P＞0.05）。由此可见,基础饲粮中分别添加沙葱多糖、沙葱、滤渣饲喂肉羊均可调控肉羊不同部位的脂肪酸组成和含量,从而改善羊肉的风味和营养价值。     

两种饲养方式下苏尼特羊肉的氧化稳定性

以舍饲、放牧两种饲养方式下的12?月龄苏尼特羊股二头肌为实验材料,分别测定脂质氧化产物含量、硫代巴比妥酸值、抗氧化能力、抗氧化酶活力以及抗氧化酶相关调控基因表达量等指标并进行比较分析,旨在探索两种饲养方式下苏尼特羊肉的氧化稳定性。结果表明：放牧饲养苏尼特羊肉TBA值高度显著低于舍饲饲养（P＜0.001）;羊肉中主要的脂质氧化产物为己醛、庚醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇以及2,3-辛二酮,其含量均在放牧饲养羊肉中显著较低（P＜0.05）,表明舍饲饲养羊肉的脂质氧化程度相比放牧饲养羊肉更严重。放牧饲养羊肉的总抗氧化能力（P＜0.01）、铜离子还原能力（P＜0.05）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）（P＜0.001）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）（P＜0.05）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidases,GPx）（P＜0.05）活力均显著高于舍饲饲养,说明放牧饲养羊肉中的抗氧化酶活力较高,能有效抑制脂质氧化。通过抗氧化酶相关调控基因表达量的分析得出,舍饲饲养羊肉中脂肪氧合酶基因表达量高度显著高于放牧饲养（P＜0.001）,而SOD（P＜0.001）、CAT（P＜0.05）和GPx（P＜0.05）基因表达量均显著低于放牧饲养,从分子水平验证了放牧饲养羊肉的抗氧化能力较舍饲饲养好。     

除膻菌株分离鉴定及其对膻味脂肪酸降解能力的研究

为了分离筛选出能作用于膻味脂肪酸的微生物,从火腿和土壤中分离出11株菌,这11株菌均能对羊油脂进行水解。通过形态学、生理生化特征鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列和ITS基因序列分子生物学鉴定,确定为6株细菌和5株霉菌。分别将11株菌接种到加入4-甲基辛酸和4-乙基辛酸的液体培养基进行发酵,发现4-甲基辛酸的减少量达到30%～70%,4-乙基辛酸减少量达到10%～70%。这11株菌对膻味脂肪酸具有不同程度的降解作用,该研究结果可为微生物羊肉除膻提供理论基础。     

Wool keratin as a novel alternative protein: A comprehensive review of extraction,purification, nutrition,safety, and food applications

The growing global population and lifestyle changes have increased the demand for specialized diets that require protein and other essential nutrients for humans. Recent technological advances have enabled the use of food bioresources treated as waste as additional sources of alternative proteins. Sheep wool is an inexpensive and readily available bioresource containing 95%–98% protein, making it an outstanding potential source of protein for food and biotechnological applications. The strong structure of wool and its indigestibility are the main hurdles to achieving its potential as an edible protein. Although various methods have been investigated for the hydrolysis of wool into keratin, only a few of these, such as sulfitolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic processes, have the potential to generate edible keratin. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies reported no cytotoxicity effects of extracted keratin, suggesting its potential for use as a high-value protein ingredient that supports normal body functions. Keratin has a high cysteine content that can support healthy epithelia, glutathione synthesis, antioxidant functions, and skeletal muscle functions. With the recent spike in new keratin extraction methods, extensive long-term investigations that examine prolonged exposure of keratin generated from these techniques in animal and human subjects are required to ascertain its safety. Food applications of wool could improve the ecological footprint of sheep farming and unlock the potential of a sustainable protein source that meets demands for ethical production of animal protein.     

Coagulation process in Manchega sheep milk from Spain: A path analysis approach

Characteristics of sheep milk are of great interest for the dairy industry, as almost the totality of production is intended for cheesemaking. However, the existing relationships between these variables are complex. This study assessed composition, hygienic quality, coagulation properties, and curd yield of 1,200 individual Manchega sheep milk samples. The aim was to compare the effect of composition and hygienic quality on coagulation and curdling, and to evaluate the relationship between curd yields and the coagulation process and the effect of other features by using path analysis methodologies. Outcomes proved path analysis to be a useful and effective tool to assess these relationships through direct and indirect paths within the same model. Results showed that the factors that had a direct influence on milk coagulation were lactose concentration, casein content, and initial pH of milk. Contrastingly, somatic cells did not seem to have any effect (direct or indirect) on the coagulation process. Factors that directly affected curd yield were fat content, lactose concentration, casein content, and curd moisture. However, technological parameters showed little effect over curd yield.