A theory for the formation of tetrahedral amorphous carbon including deposition rate effects

A theoretical model is presented to describe the effect of ion beam bombardment rate on the formation of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films. The critical ion energy, E_c, corresponding to a 50% sp³ content in the films, is found to be dependent on both the effective thermal resistance and the ion beam bombardment rate. In the model, the ‘window’ width in the ion energy scale for the formation of ta-C material increases with decreasing deposition rate and with a reduction in the effective thermal resistance, until limited by lower and upper boundary thresholds. Experimental data are reproduced by the model. The plasmon energy, which correlates with sp³ fraction, is found experimentally of be higher for lower deposition rate and smaller effective thermal resistance. Data points for high sp³ content ta-C films deposited on silicon substrates at room temperature occupy a region in the ion energy-deposition rate (E-r) diagram similar to that predicated from the theory.     

Carbon fibre cloth as an electrode material: electrical conductivity and mass transfer

The paper deals with carbon fibre cloth electrodes, employed in the fabrication of composite materials. The electrical conductivity of single bundles, groups of bundles and cloth is studied. Ohm's law applies to the electrical conduction in the direction of the fibre length, but bundle conductivity decreases with the number of fibres in the bundle. Electrochemical mass transfer between a flowing electrolyte and a cloth arranged as a flow-through or a flow-by porous electrode indicates the existence of double porosity in the material. Due to double porosity, only the external surface of the cloth works as an electrode. This finding shows that the material is not suitable for such an application.     

Evolution of BET internal surface area in glassy carbon powder during thermal oxidation

It is demonstrated that glassy carbon powder can be thermochemically activated. During activation, a film with open pores is created on the glassy carbon particles. This film has a large internal surface area, which is accessible to liquids and gases. A simple model for the evolution of the internal surface area in glassy carbon powder during thermochemical gas-phase oxidation is also presented and compared with experimental data. Experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the model. We found that a sharp particle size distribution is desirable with regard to potential technical applications.     

Three‐dimensionally braided carbon fiber–epoxy composites,a new type of material for osteosynthesis devices. I. Mechanical properties and moisture absorption behavior

In recent years, three‐dimensionally (3D) braided composites have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high‐impact damage tolerance and fatigue life, superior fracture toughness, and so forth, and have been used in aeronautics, military, and transportation. These advantages make them strong candidates for osteosynthesis devices. In this study, 3D braided carbon fiber–epoxy (C_3D/EP) composites were produced via a simple vacuum impregnation technique. The load‐deflection curve, mechanical properties, and influence of fiber volume fraction, braiding angle, and axial reinforcing fibers were examined to determine their suitability for internal fixation devices. It is found that the C_3D/EP composites have excellent toughness and do not show brittleness when fractured because of their relatively high void content. The flexural, shear, and impact strengths of the C_3D/EP composites are excellent. It was shown that a C_3D/EP composite with a stiffness similar to load‐bearing bones can be made while maintaining enough strength. It is concluded that a relatively higher void content and braiding angle is more suitable for the C_3D/EP composites from the viewpoint of requirements of fracture fixation materials. The moisture absorption behavior and changes in mechanical properties caused by moisture uptake were evaluated. Results show that absorbed moisture slightly decreases mechanical properties of the C_3D/EP composites. Contrary to the unreinforced epoxy, the moisture absorption behavior of the C_3D/EP composites cannot be described with Fick's law of diffusion, probably because of the presence of voids and/or 3D fiber structure. The exact mechanisms should be proposed in further investigations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1031–1039, 2002     

Vinyl acetate monomer—a pilot plant study

The kinetics of the reaction of acetic acid and acetylene over zinc acetate-activated carbon catalyst was investigated over a wide range of process variables in a pilot reactor. Although various catalytic reaction mechanisms were postulated, the rate of reaction was most satisfactorily correlated by a mechanism of surface reaction between charged adsorbed acetic acid and acetylene, which assumes that the rate controlling step was the irreversible charged adsorption of acetylene and acetic acid.     

气相色谱在线分析变压吸附法制纯氢中的总碳

利用带镍加氢转化炉的气相色谱仪 ,在线分析变压吸附法制纯氢中的总碳。该法用变压吸附法制的纯氢作燃气 ,在检测器前端将氢气中的CO和CO2 转化为CH4,然后用氢火焰离子化检测器检测 ,直接以检测器的信号 (mV)进行定量。当氢气中总碳体积分数在 1 9～ 5 0 0 μl/L时 ,FID信号值与总碳体积分数有良好的线性关系。方法回收率为 99 90 %～ 10 1 9%,相对标准偏差 <1%。     

环境因素对碳钢点蚀临界电势的影响

采用动电势扫描法测定了不同体系中碳钢发生点蚀的临界电势Eb。结果表明 :当Cl- 浓度 <0 .0 1mol/L时 ,随Cl- 浓度增加 ,临界电势负移并与Cl- 浓度成线性关系 ;pH值在 7～ 11之间 ,随pH值增加 ,临界电势正移并与pH值成线性关系 ;随温度增加 ,临界电势负移并与温度成线性关系。     

纳米Fe/C复合材料的原位合成

在石油渣油中加入二茂铁，通过热缩聚反的位合成纳米级铁粒子均匀分散于炭基体中的新型复合材料，研究了在420℃热缩聚时停时间和二茂铁添加量对Fe/C形成的影响，并用TEM和XRD观测和分析了Fe/C的形态和结构，结果表明，在基体中铁粒子的粒径为25－50nm，在一定条件下，二茂铁添加量的增加和停留时间的延长均使Fe/C产率提高，停留时间对热缩聚反应的影响遵循一级反应动力学，二茂铁的添加能显著提高反应速率常数k值。