Sorption/diffusion of aqueous mixtures of 1,4‐dioxane/tetrahydrofuran through blend membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate: Their compatibility and pervaporation separation studies

Blend membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) were prepared by solution casting and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA). Polymer blend compatibility was studied in water by measuring solution viscosity at 30°C. From the viscosity data, interaction parameters were determined to find the blend compatibility. Thickness of the membranes ranged between 35 and 40 μm. Circular disc‐shaped samples were cut from the thin membranes to perform gravimetric sorption experiments in water + 1,4‐dioxane and water + tetrahydrofuran mixtures at 30°C. Diffusion coefficients were calculated using Fick's equation. Concentration profiles of liquids were computed by solving Fick's equation under suitable boundary conditions. Diffusion coefficients show a dependence on the composition of the blends as well as composition of binary mixtures. A correlation was attempted between concentration profiles and diffusion coefficients of the transporting liquids. Degree of swelling and sorption coefficients were calculated from the gravimetric sorption data. Sorption kinetics was studied using an empirical equation to understand the nature of sorption–diffusion anomalies. Membrane selectivity for water + 1,4‐dioxane and water + tetrahydrofuran mixtures were calculated from the pervaporation experiments. A correlation between sorption and membrane selectivity was attempted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 178–188, 2005     

Properties of aqueous solutions for two binary mixed systems between two kinds of bile salts and nonionic surfactants

The micellar properties of aqueous binary mixed solutions for two systems consisting of sodium cholate (NaC)-octaoxyethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether (C₁₀E₈) and sodium glycocholate (NaGC)-C₁₀E₈ have been studied on the basis of surface tensions, polarity of the micelle interior and the mean aggregation number. Application of two theoretical treatments, based on regular solution and excess thermodynamic quantities for critical micellar concentration (CMC) data from surface tension curves of two mixed systems showed that the mole fraction of each bile salt in the mixed micelles near the CMC is lower than that of the corresponding prepared mole fraction in the mixed solution. The polarity of the interior suggested that the hydrophobicity of intramicelles increased with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salt in the mixed solution and that the mixed micelles become dramatically more hydrophobic at a mole fraction of 0.68 for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system and 0.75 for NaC−C₁₀E₈ system, respectively. This implies that the micelles become richer in the bile salt molecules and the tendency appears strongly for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system due to the strong cohesion between the conjugated glycines in the NaGC molecules. The decrease of aggregation number with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salts shows that the micelles approach those of the single system of each bile salt. This supports the previously mentioned facts.     

层状复合硅酸钠的合成及性能测试

详细介绍了层状复合硅酸钠（LCS）的生产方法及其在洗衣粉中的应用，用LCS制得的洗衣粉，去污力优于无水偏硅酸钠、层状结晶硅酸钠和4A沸石，试验表明LCS是目前应用效果较好的无磷洗涤助剂。     

Polymeric sodium alginate interpenetrating network beads for the controlled release of chlorpyrifos

Novel polymeric sodium alginate (Na‐Alg) interpenetrating network (IPN) beads have been prepared by crosslinking Na‐Alg blend with gelatin (GE) or egg albumin (EA) using glutaraldehyde (GA) as the crosslinking agent. These beads were used for the controlled release of chlorpyrifos. The swelling experiments were performed in water at different temperatures, and these data were used to calculate the molecular mass (M_C) between crosslinks as well as diffusion coefficients. Diffusion coefficients calculated from desorption data were lower by about two orders of magnitude than those calculated from sorption results. Higher values of M_C were obtained for the gelatin‐based IPNs than the neat Na‐Alg and egg albumin‐based matrices. Size of the beads did not vary significantly either by the network or by increasing the exposure time to the crosslinking agent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the surface characteristics of the beads. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated a molecular level dispersion of chlorpyrifos in the polymer matrix. The percentage entrapment efficiency showed a dependence on the type of network polymer as well as time of exposure to the crosslinking agent. The encapsulation efficiency decreased with an increase in time of exposure to the crosslinking agent. In vitro release experiments have been performed to follow the release kinetics of chlorpyrifos from the matrices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 911–918, 2002     

复凝聚法制备农药微胶囊剂的研究

以壳聚糖和木质素磺酸钠为囊材,以三氟氯氰菊酯为囊芯,采用复凝聚法制备了微胶囊。考察了壳芯质量比、温度、搅拌速度、对包药率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件,并对其性能进行了研究。     

Wettability and surfactivity of sodium phosphate surfactants in strong alkali solutions

The wettability, surfactivity and the correlation between wettability and surfactivity of sodium diethylhexylphosphate, sodium diethylhexyl polyoxyethylene phosphate and their complex in NaOH solutions were studied. A complex alkali resistant phosphate surfactant with good permeability was prepared. The wettability of surfactants was investigated by measuring the immersion time, sinking time and capillary effects of nature cotton grey fabric in NaOH solutions. The surfactivity of the surfactants was characterized by measuring the surface tension. The effect of the complex on the surface appearance of cotton grey fabric was also investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that all the surfactants exhibit good wettability for cotton grey fabric in 0.5–5.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions, the complex system exhibits better wettability in 5.0–7.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions, in comparison with either corresponding single surfactant component employed, and wettability is well correlative with the surfactivities of the surfactant. SEM images indicate that the cotton grey fabric is well wetted by the alkaline surfactant solution and the quality of fabric is improved.     

Effects of dispersant on performance of Ni-Zn batteries

A new additive of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was introduced to the paste of zinc electrode, with the purpose of preventing the zinc active materials from agglomerating and improving the stability of batteries. The properties of the zinc electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), constant current charge/discharge measurement, self-discharge test and hydrogen collection experiment. The photographs of zinc electrode show that SHMP can significantly break up the agglomeration, uniformize the particle distribution and increase the surface area, which are advantageous to improve the electrochemical performance of zinc electrode. The experimental battery shows a 97 times cycling life and a 30.2% remaining capacity after 4 d storage. The hydrogen collection experimental results indicate that the SHMP can decrease the ratio of hydrogen evolution. Therefore, the corrosion of zinc electrode is suppressed and the charge/discharge efficiency is enhanced.     

纳米糊精微球对头孢曲松钠的吸附及其释药性能

以糊精为原料,三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,利用反相微乳液法制备糊精纳米微球,并对头孢曲松钠的吸附载药和释药性能进行了研究。为模拟人体血液环境,选取了pH 7.4的磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液为介质考查了糊精微球的吸附载药及降解性能。实验表明,纳米糊精微球对头孢曲松钠的载药率为9.44%,载药能力随着投药量的增加而增加,温度对载药能力的影响不显著,在α-淀粉酶存在的条件下,降解6 h后有23.94%的纳米糊精微球被降解。     

铝基原料对磷光粉SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋，Dy3＋发光性能的影响

采用高温固相反应法,分别以高纯氧化铝、自制纯净铝酸钠溶液及精制工业铝酸钠溶液为原料合成了黄绿色SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋Dy^3＋磷光粉,通过测量其激发光谱、发射光谱及余辉时间,考察了不同铝基原料对磷光材料发光性能的影响．结果表明,所制备的3种磷光粉的激发光谱和发射光谱的波长基本一致,激发光谱位于300-450nm之间,主发射波长在510nm左右．用工业铝酸钠溶液制备出的长余辉材料的发射强度不低于用另外两种原料制备的长余辉材料,余辉时间比用另外两种原料制备的长余辉材料稍长,效果较好,采用工业铝酸钠溶液制备铝酸盐基长余辉材料,可以降低能耗、节约成本．     

茶饮料中糖精钠的测定

建立了茶饮料中糖精钠的荧光分光光度测定方法。样品前处理采用盐酸酸化,加入氯化钠,乙醚萃取后再用2 g/L碳酸钠溶液洗涤乙醚萃取层,加热除去乙醚定容后用荧光光度计测定。测试条件为：激发波长265 nm,发射波长475 nm。方法检测限为2 mg/kg,线性范围在2～60 mg/kg之间,变异系数为1.97%,回收率96.8%。