Electrophilic chlorination of methane over superacidic sulfated zirconia

Catalytic chlorination of methane was studied over SO ₄ ^2– /ZrO₂, Pt/SO ₄ ^2– /ZrO₂, and Fe/Mn/SO ₄ ^2– /ZrO₂ solid superacid catalysts. The reactions were carried out in a continuous flow reactor under atmospheric pressure, at temperatures below 240°C, with a gaseous hourly space velocity of 1000 ml/g h and a methane to chlorine ratio of 4 to 1. At 200°C with 30% chlorine converted the selectivity in methyl chloride exceeds 90%. At more elevated temperatures, the selectivity decreases but stays above 80% in methyl chloride at 225°C using the sulfated zirconia catalysts. The selectivity can be enhanced by adding platinum to sulfated zirconia catalysts. An iron and manganese-doped catalyst exhibited excellent selectivities at somewhat lower conversions. Methyl chloride is obtained at 235°C in selectivities greater than 85%. No chloroform or carbon tetrachloride is formed. The electrophilic insertion involves electron-deficient metal-coordinated chlorine into the methane C-H bond.Catalysis by solid superacids, 29. For part 28 see ref. [14].     

Effect of harvesting time and fruit size on titratable acidity, soluble solid and distribution of limonin in Thai tangerine juice

The effect of fruit size and harvesting of Thai tangerine fruit ( Citrus reticulata , Blanco) at different growth stages, 8–12 months after fruit set, on the distribution of limonin in whole fruit as well as in the individual fruit parts and extracted juice was investigated. The highest limonin concentration was observed in seed, followed by albedo, flavedo, segment membrane and juice sacs in decreasing order. The limonin concentration in juice as well as in whole fruit was decreased when fruit was harvested 8–12 months of fruit set. Increasing harvesting time from 8 to 12 months showed corresponding decreases in the amount of limonin in flavedo, albedo and seed. There was a decrease in titrable acidity and increase in total soluble solid and total soluble solid/titrable acidity ratio of juice with a later than normal harvesting time. However, fruit size showed no effect on limonin content and other properties of juice extracted from tangerine.     

Equilibrium Studies of the System'(Fe,Co)O'–(Fe,Co)3O4 by Solid-State emf Measurements in the Temperature Range 970 to 1370 K

The equilibrium reaction 3'(Fe, Co)O'( ss ) +1/2O₂ ( g ) ⇄ (Fe, Co)₃O₄( ss ) was studied in the temperature range 970 to 1370 K for seven different total compositions of molar ratios 0.5 < Fe/(Fe + Co) ≤ 1.0. The equilibrium pressures of oxygen were determined by using galvanic cells incorporating calcia stabilized zirconia as solid electrolyte and the Fe/Co ratios in the solid-solution phases by wavelength dispersive spectrometry microprobe analyses. The activities of 'FeO' in the cobaltowüstite phase were then derived from the experimental results obtained.     

Boundary Constrained Swept Surfaces for Modelling and Animation

Due to their simplicity and intuitiveness, swept surfaces are widely used in many surface modelling applications. In this paper, we present a versatile swept surface technique called the boundary constrained swept surfaces. The most distinct feature is its ability to satisfy boundary constraints, including the shape and tangent conditions at the boundaries of a swept surface. This permits significantly varying surfaces to be both modelled and smoothly assembled, leading to the construction of complex objects. The representation, similar to an ordinary swept surface, is analytical in nature and thus it is light in storage cost and numerically very stable to compute. We also introduce a number of useful shape manipulation tools, such as sculpting forces, to deform a surface both locally and globally. In addition to being a complementary method to the mainstream surface modelling and deformation techniques, we have found it very effective in automatically rebuilding existing complex models. Model reconstruction is arguably one of the most laborious and expensive tasks in modelling complex animated characters. We demonstrate how our technique can be used to automate this process.     

Testing the robustness of CIECAM02

CIE TC8‐01 has adopted a new color appearance model: CIECAM02¹ replaces the CIECAM97s.² The new model consists of a number of refinements and simplifications of the CIECAM97s color appearance model. This article describes further tests to the robustness of the forward and reverse modes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 99–106, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20087     

JDZ-1型固态存储雨量器降水量误差成因分析

对JDZ-1型固态存储雨量器与虹吸自记雨量计平行观测资料进行了系统分析,分析了两者存在误差的影响因素。对JDZ-1型固态存储雨量器在北方地区使用过程中存在的问题提出了解决方法,以保证和提高JDZ-1型固态存储雨量器资料质量。     

Solid Modeling Error : Analysis and Compensation

ＳｏｌｉｄＭｏｄｅｌｉｎｇＥｒｏｒ：ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄＣｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ①ＸｕＺｈｉｇａｎｇＨｕａｎｇＫｅｚｈｅｎｇＡｉＸｉｎｇＳｈａｎＬｉａｎｙｅＣｏｌｅｇｅｏｆＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ...     

用废聚苯乙烯塑料制备胶粘剂的综述

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料在自然界中不能自然降解而正成为严重的社会公害，其综合利用在当今社会越来越受到重视。本文着重分析了聚苯乙烯塑料在我国的消费状况并阐述了利用废旧泡沫塑料研制和开发各种不同用途胶粘剂的进展     

桩土物理模型及结构—桩—土相互作用

本文将工程中常用的密集打桩土体模拟为正交各向异性弹性体。建立了刚性基础-桩-土这一空间相互作用系统的模型。根据圆柱体柱坐标的极点条件。分别选取了两组位移函数来表征桩基和土的位移,并用子区间法分析了结构-桩-土系统的相互作用地震反应。     

碱土金属氧化物催化氧化异丙苯反应研究

考察了碱土金属氧化物CaO、MgO和SrO在催化氧化异丙苯合成过氧化氢异丙苯 (CHP)反应中的性能。3种催化剂的活性顺序为 :CaO >MgO >SrO。采用Hammett指示剂分别表征了碱土金属氧化物的碱强度。碱强度H-=15 0～ 18 4的碱性中心有利于异丙苯过氧化合成CHP反应。采用红外光谱分析了异丙苯在MgO、CaO催化剂表面的吸附态。异丙苯通过异丙基叔碳原子上的氢原子与CaO催化剂表面碱中心发生化学吸附 ,弱化了异丙基叔碳原子上的C—H键 ,从而有利于催化异丙苯氧化合成CHP的反应。MgO与异丙苯的异丙基叔碳上的氢原子的相互作用弱于CaO与异丙苯的异丙基叔碳上的氢原子的相互作用 ,使MgO催化异丙苯氧化的反应活性低于CaO催化异丙苯氧化的反应活性