Research progress in tofu processing: From raw materials to processing conditions

As a traditional soybean product with good quality and a healthy food with many functional components, tofu is increasingly consumed in people's daily life. Traditional tofu processing consists of numerous steps, including the soaking and grinding of soybean seeds, heating of the soybean slurry, filtering, and addition of coagulants, and others. The properties of soybean seeds, processing scale, soaking and heating conditions, type and concentration of coagulant, and other factors collectively impact the processing steps and the final tofu quality. The generation of whole soybean tofu with more nutritive value comparing with traditional tofu has been successfully reported by several studies. As one of the most important functional component, isoflavones and their presence in tofu are also influenced by the above-mentioned factors, which influence the nutritive value of tofu. Research investigating the influence of tofu processing conditions on the quality and isoflavone profiles of tofu are the subject of this review. Issues that should be further studied to investigate the influence of processing conditions on the quality and nutritive value of tofu are also introduced.     

The effect of alginates on in vitro gastric digestion of particulated whey protein

The aim of the study was to investigate how microparticulated and nanoparticulated whey proteins mixed with alginate respond to simulated in vitro gastric digestion conditions at pH 3.0. Initially, particle size distributions and zeta potential were measured in all mixtures at pH 3.0. Particle size distributions as well as SDS‐PAGE were used to investigate the rate of protein degradation by pepsin during simulated in vitro gastric digestion. The complexation of nanoparticulated and microparticulated whey protein with alginates causes formation of insoluble and soluble complexes, which can resist pepsin degradation to a different degree. These results highlight the potential of developing new food products, which can enhance satiety.     

基于NanoLC-Orbitrap技术测定六种不同栽培品种大豆中多肽Lunasin含量

大豆中含有丰富的蛋白质和多肽,其中露那辛(Lunasin)是一种重要的功能性多肽。为测定国产大豆中Lunasin的含量,本研究以六种国产大豆为实验材料,采用凝胶电泳法对国产大豆中的Lunasin成分进行分离纯化,得到含有Lunasin的凝胶条带,酶解后利用纳流液相色谱串联轨道阱质谱(Nano LC-Obitrap)平行反应监视法(PRM)分析其中的特异性肽段从而测定Lunasin的含量。测定结果表明:在六种国产大豆中,皖豆35大豆中Lunasin含量最高,为4.66 mg/g;中黄13大豆中含量为2.24 mg/g;中黄75大豆中含量为3.35 mg/g;徐豆14大豆中含量为2.59 mg/g;黔豆7号大豆中含量为2.03 mg/g;黑河43大豆中含量为2.87 mg/g。实验结果表明国产大豆中含有丰富的Lunasin。该方法前处理操作简单,重复性好、结果准确,具有较好的线性关系,此方法可用于大豆中Lunasin的含量的测定及筛选富含Lunasin的大豆品种。     

不同种类高膳食油脂对小鼠血脂、肝脂及尿酸的影响

为了探讨猪油、植物油及其调和油对血脂、肝脂及血尿酸的影响,评估其对特殊人群的健康潜在风险,本文研究以小鼠为模型,模拟居民用油习惯,将50只8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机均分为葵花籽油组(SSO)、豆油组(SO)、猪油组(LO)、葵花籽油与猪油调和油组(SSO-L)、豆油与猪油调和油组(SO-L)5组,模拟我国部分人群(5%~10%)日均烹调油脂高摄入水平(95g/d),每组日粮中分别添加10.5%的不同油脂,饲喂8周后采集血液和肝脏组织,检测血清和肝脏指标。结果显示,相比于其他各组,LO组在体脂和血脂方面都有显著或极显著升高(p0.05,p0.01)。而SSO-L组和SO-L组在肝脂方面显著高于对应的SSO组和SO组(p0.05)。同时,SSO-L组和SO-L组的SUA和肝脏XOD水平都显著高于LO组(p0.05)。表明在95 g/d的膳食油脂摄入水平下,猪油会极大增加肥胖和患脂肪肝病的风险。葵花籽油与猪油调和油和豆油与猪油调和油也会通过升高尿酸水平来增大痛风和脂肪肝的患病风险。此外,长期以该水平摄入这两种调和油对肝脏功能也有明显损伤。在该摄入水平下,豆油为较优选择。     

油茶籽油的脂肪酸成分分析及其微胶囊化的制备

通过气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS),对油茶籽油的脂肪酸成分进行分析,油茶籽油中主要的脂肪酸成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸成分达80%以上。以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精作为壁材,采用喷雾干燥的方式对油茶籽油进行微胶囊化制备研究。通过单因素和正交实验,考察了乳化温度、复合壁材配比、壁材浓度以及壁芯材配比等因素对微胶囊包埋率的影响,优化出油茶籽油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为:乳化温度为75℃,大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精的配比为0.6,壁材浓度为13%,壁芯材比例为1.5:1。在上述条件下,制备的油茶籽油微胶囊的包埋率达83.83%。对油茶籽油微胶囊化产品进行相关检测和分析。扫描电镜(SEM)显示微胶囊化产品结构完整,具有较好的包埋效果。微胶囊的粒径通过马尔文激光粒度仪测定为8.43μm。     

微滴式数字PCR和实时荧光PCR在豆奶饮料转基因成分检测中的应用

为探索数字PCR在转基因成分筛选检测中的应用,解决现行转基因食品标准实施中的问题,完善我国转基因食品的检测监管体系。本文选取转基因启动子Ca MV35s和终止子NOS基因为靶标,大豆内源基因Lectin为内标,以转基因大豆标准品分别测定数字PCR和实时荧光PCR的浓度和含量检测低限,并应用于30批次豆奶饮料转基因成分实测。结果表明,数字PCR在转基因筛查的浓度检测低限达到0.04ng/反应,含量检测低限达到0.05%,均优于实时荧光PCR(0.2ng/反应,1%),且能够满足最严欧盟转基因标识阈值0.9%的检测要求。在豆奶饮料实际应用中发现,26批次样品两个平台检测结果一致为阴性,1批次一致为阳性,3批次Ct值在34.59～38.28之间的样品经数字PCR检测得到确切结果,说明数字PCR可辅助确认RT-PCR可疑结果,解决现行标准判定难题。     

Interactions between milk proteins and polyphenols: Binding mechanisms,related changes,and the future trends in the dairy industry

The biological activity and techno-functional properties of phenolic compounds have gained great importance due to the epidemiologically-proved health benefits. Use of polyphenols as fortification agents for functional food production and nanotechnological approaches using natural vehicles for polyphenol delivery have been recently discussed. In this respect, milk proteins and dairy products represent unique characteristics for polyphenol studies. The conflicting results on the functionality of polyphenols interacting with milk proteins either in model systems or in complex dairy matrices reveal the need for future studies.     

Prevention of lipid oxidation in muscle foods by milk proteins and peptides: A review

Muscle foods (especially fresh meat, precooked, and restructured meat products) are highly prone to lipid oxidation, which ultimately leads to certain problems, viz. discoloration, off-flavor, drip losses, loss of essential fatty acids and vitamins, and generation of toxic products. These problems can be minimized with the help of various agents and or techniques such as use of natural/synthetic antioxidants, metal chelating agents, physical conditions, vacuum packaging, and encapsulation techniques. Among these, the role of synthetic antioxidants is quite debatable due to certain health risks to humans. Among the natural molecules, milk proteins and their bioactive peptides offer a promising potential for the meat industry. Various forms of milk proteins and peptides including caseinates, whey proteins, skim milk, and milk co-precipitates can be used to prevent lipid oxidation in meat products either in the form of added ingredients or as edible coatings. However, in addition to prevention of lipid oxidation, they also provide nutritional benefits and improve the technological processing and shelflife of meat and meat products. This review focuses on the utilization, mechanism of action, and efficacy of milk proteins and peptides to inhibit lipid oxidation in muscle food products.