SDE-GC-MS结合保留指数分析不同预处理的豆浆风味

采用同时蒸馏-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别对未处理、微波处理、冷冻处理和超声处理后豆浆的挥发性物质进行分析,在利用NIST质谱检索库检索的基础上,结合保留指数进行定性,同时运用峰面积归一化法加苯甲醇作内标定量。结果表明：共鉴定出48 种挥发性成分,4 种预处理后的样品挥发性成分分别为28、26、30 种和33 种。不同预处理后的风味物质均以醛类、醇类、酮类、呋喃为主,醛类含量最多。结合感官评价得出冷冻处理后豆浆风味最佳。     

大豆浸泡过程中腐败微生物对豆浆品质的影响

通过对大豆浸泡过程中腐败微生物种类及数量开展研究,经致腐细菌回接实验进一步探明豆浆腐败现象与致腐细菌的关系,为豆浆稳定性控制及豆制品加工自动化提供依据。从大豆浸泡水中分离3 株优势菌DF-1、DF-2和DF-3,结合形态学及16S rDNA序列分析,分别鉴定为短稳杆菌、产气肠杆菌和乳酸乳球菌。将优势菌分别回接至灭菌豆浆,于25 ℃保藏12 h,理化指标结果表明3 种微生物对豆浆品质影响有较大差异：短稳杆菌产黄色素,在豆浆表面形成黄色菌膜并产生腐臭味;产气肠杆菌产酸产气,使豆浆形成蜂窝状凝乳,腐败变馊;乳酸乳球菌产酸使豆浆凝固。本研究为豆制品自动化生产过程中控制豆浆品质及加工稳定性提供参考。     

纤维素载体固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶及其在大豆异黄酮水解中的应用

建立纤维素载体固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶系统,用于黑豆浆中大豆异黄酮去糖基化反应,并对该催化系统进行了可行性评价。结果表明,在40 cm3纤维素颗粒上可结合超过40 mgβ-葡萄糖苷酶,并且能有效将4-硝基苯-β-D-葡糖苷酸水解成对硝基苯酚,其反应最适温度为50℃。经动力学测试后可得其米氏常数Km值为(1.38±0.20)mmol/L。将该固定化酶系统用于黑豆浆中大豆异黄酮去糖基化,通过高效液相色谱检测其转化效率,表明该系统可以在30 min内利用40 cm~3含酶载体将50 mL黑豆浆中的异黄酮全部转化为去糖基化形式。该固定化酶催化系统连续化催化稳定性实验表明,在经过15次反应以及15 d之后,该固定化酶系统仍然可维持其60%的催化活性。     

Isoflavone Profiles and Kinetic Changes during Ultra‐High Temperature Processing of Soymilk

Isoflavone profile is greatly affected by heating process. However, kinetic analyses of isoflavone conversion and degradation using a continuous industry processing method have never been characterized. In this study, Proto soybean was soaked and blanched at 80 °C for 2 min and then processed into soymilk, which underwent UHT (ultra‐high temperature) at 135 to 150 °C for 10 to 50 s with a pilot plant‐scale Microthermics processor. The isoflavone profile was determined at different time/temperature combinations. The results showed that all isoflavone forms exhibited distinct changing patterns over time. In the soymilk under UHT conditions, the degradation (disappearance) of malonyldaizin and malonylgenistin exhibited first‐order kinetics with activation energies of 59 and 84 kj/mole, respectively. At all UHT temperatures, malonylgenistin showed higher rate constants than malonyldaidzin. However, malonylglycitin changed irregularly under these UHT temperatures. The increase of genistin, daidzin, glycitein and acetlydaidzin during heating demonstrated zero‐order kinetics and the rate constants increased with temperature except for the conditions of 145 to 150 °C for 50 s. Overall, genistein series exhibited higher stability than daidzein series. Under all UHT conditions, total isoflavone decreased from 12% to 24%.     

益生菌发酵豆乳对高脂血症小鼠降血脂及肝损伤缓解的作用

研究干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和双歧杆菌在体外降胆固醇能力及三种益生菌混合发酵豆乳对高脂饮食小鼠血脂及肝损伤的影响。采用邻苯二甲醛法评价益生菌体外降胆固醇能力。采用C57BL/6N小鼠,并将其随机分为7组,即对照组;高脂组;干酪乳杆菌发酵豆乳干预组;植物乳杆菌发酵豆乳干预组;双歧杆菌发酵豆乳干预组;三种益生菌混合发酵豆乳干预组;未发酵豆乳干预组。连续喂养7周后,测定血清和肝脏中相关血脂指标,并观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果表明:干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和双歧杆菌在体外降胆固醇能力分别为43.14%、46.27%和40.53%。益生菌混合发酵豆乳显著降低小鼠腹部和肾周脂肪指数,血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL),升高高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平,降低肝脏TC、TG、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平,并明显改善肝脏脂肪堆积。     

Fermentation characteristics and transit tolerance of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang in soymilk and bovine milk during storage

Lactobacillus casei Zhang is a novel strain that was screened out of koumiss collected in Inner Mongolia, and our previous research showed that L. casei Zhang has health benefits such as cholesterol-reducing and immunomodulating effects. The fermentation characteristics of L. casei Zhang in soymilk and bovine milk and the transit tolerance of L. casei Zhang in fermented milk products during refrigerated storage for 28 d were assessed. A faster decrease in pH and faster growth of L. casei Zhang during fermentation were observed in soymilk compared with bovine milk at various inoculation rates, probably because of the low pH buffering capacity of soymilk. The fermented bovine milk samples had much higher final titratable acidity (TA) values (between 0.80 and 0.93%) than the soymilk samples (between 0.40 and 0.46%). Dramatic increases in TA values in the fermented soymilk samples during storage were observed, and the TA values of the fermented soymilk samples changed from <0.56% to values between 0.86 and 0.98%. On the other hand, only slight increases in TA were observed in the bovine milk samples during the 28 d of storage. The survival rates of freshly prepared cultures of L. casei Zhang in simulated gastric juice at pH 2.0 and 2.5 were 31 and 69%, respectively, and the delivery of L. casei Zhang through fermented soymilk and bovine milk significantly improved the viability of L. casei Zhang in simulated gastric transit. Lactobacillus casei Zhang showed good tolerance to simulated gastric juice and intestinal juice in the fermented soymilk and bovine milk samples, and maintained high viability (>10⁸ cfu/g) during storage at 4°C for 28 d. Our results indicated that both soymilk and bovine milk could serve as vehicles for delivery of probiotic L. casei Zhang, and further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of the change in pH and TA of L. casei Zhang in fermented milk samples during fermentation and storage and to understand the difference between soy- and milk-based systems.     

Statistical and Kinetic Studies of the Changes in Soybean Quality during Storage as Related to Soymilk and Tofu Making

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to develop statistical equations and kinetic models to describe the changes of soybean quality during storage. Significant correlations ( P  < 0.0001) were found among most of quality attributes including color parameters (Hunter L , a , b , and Δ E ), solid extractability (as expressed by soymilk solids content), soymilk pH and protein content, tofu yield, hardness, and protein content. Regressed linear equations were developed between color indices ( L/L ₀, ΔE ) and soymilk/tofu making properties. Empirical equations were developed to relate soybean color indices ( L/L ₀, ΔE ) and storage conditions including variables of initial moisture content (MC), relative humidity (RH), temperature ( T ), and duration ( t ). Kinetics of the changes in soybean color and extractability during storage at 70% RH and 22 to 40 °C were investigated. The kinetics was well described by zero-order kinetics. The Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constants for all parameters, from which the activation energies and rate constant were obtained. The equations developed in this study provided simple methods to monitor soybean quality and predict quality changes of soybeans during storage at various conditions.     

豆浆中豆腥味影响因素及消除方法的研究进展

豆浆是一种营养价值丰富且具有预防心脏病、癌症、骨质疏松症等良好保健功能的植物蛋白饮料。然而其所含有的豆腥味严重影响了整体风味,进而影响消费者对其喜爱程度并限制了相关产品推广。该研究在查阅相关文献的基础上,对醛、醇、呋喃、酮等与豆浆豆腥味相关的挥发性化合物以及这些化合物形成的酶促和非酶促反应途径进行了系统的综述,并介绍了影响豆浆豆腥味形成的因素包括大豆品种、生长环境、制浆工艺和储藏条件。同时对目前已有的一系列有助于消除豆腥味的方法如开发无脂肪氧合酶系大豆、增加大豆预处理工序、改进制浆工艺等进行了总结;对当前研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向做了归纳与展望,为开发适合消费者偏好、无豆腥味豆浆提供了理论依据。     

益生菌混合菌种在发酵豆乳中的优化

采用益生菌混合物AST和TLB分别在42℃进行豆乳的发酵,在发酵豆乳的发酵和贮存过程中(4℃下28d),观察pH值和活菌数的变化情况。在AST益生菌混合物(嗜酸性乳杆菌,双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌)的培育下,42℃下发酵时间减少到8h。但嗜酸性乳杆菌在冷藏的过程中生存状态较差,其活菌数在冷藏后一周后未达到标准。将豆乳在42℃下用TLB益生菌(嗜热链球菌,保加利亚乳杆菌和动物双歧杆菌乳酸亚种Bb12)进行发酵,结果发酵时间缩短到4h,双歧杆菌活菌数目的对数增加了约一半,而且经过28d的冷藏,细菌数仍然维持在107 CFU/mL以上。     

姜汁豆奶复合饮料的加工工艺研究

以大豆、奶粉和生姜为原料,研究了姜汁豆奶生产工艺及其关键工序。结果表明,传统生产工艺结合天然物质掩盖法可获得理想的去腥效果;0.025%魔芋精粉与0.025%黄原胶复配可获得理想的稳定效果。其最佳配方为:姜汁/豆浆比1∶50、砂糖8%、奶粉25%。该产品具有豆奶和姜的复合香味,是一种天然、高营养、新口味的新型保健饮料。