三偏磷酸钠高交联玉米淀粉非糊化特征研究

研究了以三偏磷酸钠为交联剂制备非糊化的高交联玉米淀粉的方法，测定了反应的取代度和布拉班德粘度曲线，提出高交联玉米淀粉与原淀粉颗粒不同，在沸水只发生轻微溶胀，呈非糊化颗粒态。     

一种新发生的大豆茎枯病病原菌鉴定

鉴定了一种新发生的大豆茎枯病病原菌。在酸化PDA培养基上所有病原菌分离物菌落呈白色,气生菌丝呈密集的卷毛状,有时部分区域显黄绿色;培养基背面开始无色,随后产生大的、扩展的黑色子座。在接种的大豆茎秆上产生大小不等的黑色子座和分散的分生孢子器。共产生2类分生孢子,其中α型分生孢子丰富,无色,单孢,椭圆至纺锤状形,大小4.05～7.57μm×1.48～3.25μm,含2个油滴;β型分生孢子极少见,无色,线形。在培养基及大豆茎秆上未发现有性态。致病性测定表明选择的分离物引起合丰25大豆100%植株发病和种子腐烂。用AluI、RsaI和HhaI酶切通用引物对ITS4/ITS5扩增的rDNA-ITS产物,所有分离物都产生与大豆拟茎点种腐病菌Phomopsis longicolla一致的酶切谱带;序列比对发现测序的2个分离物ITS序列与GenBank中9个P.longicolla分离物ITS序列100%同源。这是我国首次报道大豆田间发现P.longicolla,而且能引发严重的大豆茎枯病。     

脱臭大蒜粒的生产工艺

本文简述了大蒜的营养价值，介绍了生前脱臭大蒜粒的生产工艺和出口标准。     

爆轰波反应区结构的数字化学发光成像研究

利用数字化学发光成像系统对氢氧系统气相爆轰反应区结构进行直接实验观察. 实验采用 ICCD(Intensified Charge-Coupled Device)、 DG5335 延时器和中心波长 312 nm、半带宽 15 nm 的滤光片,精确设置爆轰波、 ICCD 之间的同步控制,得到不同初压、不同氩稀释度的爆轰 OH 自发辐射光图像. 结果表明: 反应区在空间上不均匀,其阵面形状不是平面且随时间不断改变. 马赫杆后的 OH 自发辐射光强较入射激波后大. 随着初压升高,OH 自发辐射光强增大,反应阵面也近似趋于平面. 随着氩稀释度的增大,OH 自发辐射光强明显衰减.     

Extraction and characterization of lignins from maize stem and sugarcane bagasse

Lignins were isolated from maize stem and sugarcane bagasse by using mild dioxane or acidic dioxane solution. The result of nitrobenzene oxidation of the isolated lignins shows that there is a high proportion of p‐hydroxyphenyl alcohol in the lignins of maize stem and sugarcane bagasse. The lignins isolated from maize stem and sugarcane bagasse have relatively same value of the weight‐average (M _w = 3405–3868 g mol⁻¹) and number‐average (M _n = 1411–1612 g mol⁻¹) molecular weights, and polydispersity (M _w/M _n = 2.24–2.51). Acidic dioxane treatment did attack the β‐aryl ether structures in lignins, in particular for β‐aryl syringyl ethers, and broke the ester bonds between arabinose and ferulic acid that etherified to lignins, and it also cleaved lots of bonds in hemicellulosic polymer. The proportion of β‐O‐4 (threo) guaiacyl units is higher than that of β‐O‐4 (erthreo) guaiacyl units. The phenyl glycoside and benzyl ether linkages between lignin and hemicelluloses are also demonstrated in NMR analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

金沙江中游某坝基软岩的崩解特性试验研究

针对软岩遇水易崩解、软化等特点,以金沙江中游某坝基软岩为例,选取右岸坝基具有代表性的8块泥质粉砂岩岩样,将每块岩样切割成3部分,分别进行干燥单轴抗压强度试验、室内干湿循环崩解和室外自然条件崩解试验。通过拍照和跟踪观察,记录岩样的初崩时间,并进行试验全过程崩解现象的描述,据此,定性地将崩解性由强到弱划分为完全崩解、中等程度崩解、不崩解3个等级。试验结束时,可直观地观察到室内和室外2种条件下岩样的最终崩解对比情况。之后,对室内浸水崩解试验结束后的岩样进行黏粒含量的测定。试验结果表明：干湿循环条件下岩样的崩解要比自然条件下彻底;所取岩样的初崩时间顺序、最终崩解情况与干燥单轴抗压强度、黏粒含量存在较好的相关性。由于软岩的不良物理现象,特别是其崩解性,将不同程度地增加工程施工的难度,对软岩崩解特性的研究,具有实际的工程意义。     

Employing CRISPR-Cas9 to Generate CD133 Synthetic Lethal Melanoma Stem Cells

Malignant melanoma is a lethal skin cancer containing melanoma-initiating cells (MIC) implicated in tumorigenesis, invasion, and drug resistance, and is characterized by the elevated expression of stem cell markers, including CD133. The siRNA knockdown of CD133 enhances apoptosis induced by the MEK inhibitor trametinib in melanoma cells. This study investigates the underlying mechanisms of CD133’s anti-apoptotic activity in patient-derived BAKP and POT cells, harboring difficult-to-treat NRAS^Q61K and NRAS^Q61R drivers, after CRISPR-Cas9 CD133 knockout or Dox-inducible expression of CD133. MACS-sorted CD133(+) BAKP cells were conditionally reprogrammed to derive BAKR cells with sustained CD133 expression and MIC features. Compared to BAKP, CD133(+) BAKR exhibit increased cell survival and reduced apoptosis in response to trametinib or the chemotherapeutic dacarbazine (DTIC). CRISPR-Cas9-mediated CD133 knockout in BAKR cells (BAKR-KO) re-sensitized cells to trametinib. CD133 knockout in BAKP and POT cells increased trametinib-induced apoptosis by reducing anti-apoptotic BCL-xL, p-AKT, and p-BAD and increasing pro-apoptotic BAX. Conversely, Dox-induced CD133 expression diminished apoptosis in both trametinib-treated cell lines, coincident with elevated p-AKT, p-BAD, BCL-2, and BCL-xL and decreased activation of BAX and caspases-3 and -9. AKT1/2 siRNA knockdown or inhibition of BCL-2 family members with navitoclax (ABT-263) in BAKP-KO cells further enhanced caspase-mediated apoptotic PARP cleavage. CD133 may therefore activate a survival pathway where (1) increased AKT phosphorylation and activation induces (2) BAD phosphorylation and inactivation, (3) decreases BAX activation, and (4) reduces caspases-3 and -9 activity and caspase-mediated PARP cleavage, leading to apoptosis suppression and drug resistance in melanoma. Targeting nodes of the CD133, AKT, or BCL-2 survival pathways with trametinib highlights the potential for combination therapies for NRAS-mutant melanoma stem cells for the development of more effective treatments for patients with high-risk melanoma.     

Aging and Clonal Behavior of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the only cell population that possesses both a self-renewing capacity and multipotency, and can give rise to all lineages of blood cells throughout an organism’s life. However, the self-renewal capacity of HSCs is not infinite, and cumulative evidence suggests that HSCs alter their function and become less active during organismal aging, leading ultimately to the disruption of hematopoietic homeostasis, such as anemia, perturbed immunity and increased propensity to hematological malignancies. Thus, understanding how HSCs alter their function during aging is a matter of critical importance to prevent or overcome these age-related changes in the blood system. Recent advances in clonal analysis have revealed the functional heterogeneity of murine HSC pools that is established upon development and skewed toward the clonal expansion of functionally poised HSCs during aging. In humans, next-generation sequencing has revealed age-related clonal hematopoiesis that originates from HSC subsets with acquired somatic mutations, and has highlighted it as a significant risk factor for hematological malignancies and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the current fate-mapping strategies that are used to track and visualize HSC clonal behavior during development or after stress. We then review the age-related changes in HSCs that can be inherited by daughter cells and act as a cellular memory to form functionally distinct clones. Altogether, we link aging of the hematopoietic system to HSC clonal evolution and discuss how HSC clones with myeloid skewing and low regenerative potential can be expanded during aging.     

Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Cerebrospinal Fluid and Oligodendroglia Cell Line Environment on Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of autoimmune aetiology. Experimental therapies with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a response to the unmet need for new treatment options. The unique immunomodulatory features of stem cells obtained from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) make them an interesting research and therapeutic model. Most WJ-MSCs transplants for multiple sclerosis use intrathecal administration. We studied the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from MS patients on the secretory activity of WJ-MSCs and broaden this observation with WJ-MSCs interactions with human oligodendroglia cell line (OLs). Analysis of the WJ-MSCs secretory activity with use of Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine confirmed significant and diverse immunomodulatory potential. Our data reveal rich WJ-MSCs secretome with markedly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 synthesis and a favourable profile of growth factors. The addition of MS CSF to the WJ-MSCs culture caused depletion of most proteins measured, only IL-12, RANTES and GM-CSF levels were increased. Most cytokines and chemokines decreased their concentrations in WJ-MSCs co-cultured with OLs, only eotaxin and RANTES levels were slightly increased. These results emphasize the spectrum of the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs and show how those effects can be modulated depending on the transplantation milieu.     

Modified Industrial Three-Dimensional Polylactic Acid Scaffold Cell Chip Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells

In this study, we fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold using industrial polylactic acid (PLA), which promoted the proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells. An industrial PLA 3D scaffold (IPTS) cell chip with a square-shaped pattern was fabricated via computer-aided design and printed using a fused deposition modeling technique. To improve cell adhesion and cell differentiation, we coated the IPTS cell chip with gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), nerve growth factor (NGF) protein, an NGF peptide fragment, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein. The proliferation of F3.Olig2 neural stem cells was increased in the IPTS cell chips coated with Au-NPs and NGF peptide fragments when compared with that of the cells cultured on non-coated IPTS cell chips. Cells cultured on the IPTS-SHH cell chip also showed high expression of motor neuron cell-specific markers, such as HB9 and TUJ-1. Therefore, we suggest that the newly engineered industrial PLA scaffold is an innovative tool for cell proliferation and motor neuron differentiation.