我国苹果醋生产过程中亟待解决的问题

文章从三个方面论述了我国苹果醋生产过程中存在的几个主要问题:苹果醋酸菌种的筛选和澄清问题属于关键技术方面的问题,液态发酵法本身缺陷属于工艺方面的问题,超标准"调酒度"是生产过程中存在的问题。只有解决了这些主要问题,才能从根本上提高苹果醋的质量。     

Occurrence of non-lactic acid bacteria populations involved in protein hydrolysis of cold-stored high moisture Mozzarella cheese

The aim of this study was to analyse non-lactic acid bacteria populations (NLABPs) and evaluate their role in proteolysis of cold-stored high moisture (HM) Mozzarella cheese. NLABPs reached values close to 8 log cfu mL⁻¹ after seven days of cold storage. Sequencing of 16 rDNA and rpoB genes and molecular biotyping allowed to identify 66 bacterial strains belonging to 25 species from 15 genera, mainly represented by Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Rahnella. Fifteen strains showed proteolytic activity values higher than 1000.00 μg Gly mL⁻¹ after 24 h of growth in skimmed milk. Moreover, as shown by Urea-PAGE, 11 proteolytic strains caused partial or total disappearance of at least one of the caseins. Their proteolytic behaviour was assessed even when they grew inside the governing liquid together with HM Mozzarella cheese at 4 °C for 12 days. This is the first report that throws light on the complexity of NLABPs in HM Mozzarella cheese, demonstrating that some strains caused the partial hydrolysis of α, β, and γ caseins on its outer surface where a concomitant wrinkling and successive exfoliation became visible without significant changes in texture characteristics.     

Antimicrobial activity of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive Salmonella enterica

Copper has shown antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of copper surfaces on copper resistant and sensitive strains of Salmonella enterica. Six different copper alloy coupons (60–99.9% copper) were tested along with stainless steel as the control. The coupons were surface inoculated with either S. Enteritidis or one of the 3 copper resistant strains, S. Typhimurium S9, S19 and S20; stored under various incubation conditions at room temperature; and sampled at various times up to 2 h. The results showed that under dry incubation conditions, Salmonella only survived 10–15 min on high copper content alloys. Salmonella on low copper content alloys showed 3–4 log reductions. Under moist incubation conditions, no survivors were detected after 30 min–2 h on high copper content alloys, while the cell counts decreased 2–4 logs on low copper content coupons. Although the copper resistant strains survived better than S. Enteritidis, they were either completely inactivated or survival was decreased. Copper coupons showed better antimicrobial efficacy in the absence of organic compounds. These results clearly show the antibacterial effects of copper and its potential as an alternative to stainless steel for selected food contact surfaces.     

Reacting flow coupling with thermal impacts in a single solid oxide fuel cell

Thermal impacts are the major concern for the designs of electrolyte of Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to the high temperature operating conditions. In this study, the coupling dynamics of electrochemical reacting flows with heat transfer and generations of thermal strains and stresses (thermal impact) of solid electrolyte and porous electrodes are investigated in a single SOFC by numerical simulations. Modeling results from a test case show that the coupling is necessary as the electrochemical and thermal properties of the cell strongly depends on temperature, meanwhile, the thermal strains and stresses on temperature gradients. The differences in current density and thermal strain gradients predicted by coupling and decoupling simulations are as larger as 20% because of the strong dependents of ionic conductivity of the electrolyte material on temperature, the maximum thermal strain, thermal stresses, and temperature are all about 5%. It is identified that the high operation voltage benefits to the thermal strain, which decreases 20% when the cell operating from 0.5 V–0.7 V.     

Erratum to Satinder.

Reports an error in the article "Arousal Explains Difference in Avoidance Learning of Genetically Selected Rat Strains" by K. Paul Satinder (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 1326-1336), one line was printed incorrectly. On page 1331, the last line of Table 2 reads as follows: RNA/Lu oneway 193 280. The line should be changed to read as follows: RHA/Lu oneway 193 280. (The following abstract originally appeared in record 1978-22592-001) Manipulated task complexity differences in avoidance learning of genetically selected strains of rats under dextroamphetamine (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, ip). 288 Ss from RHA/Lu, RLA/Lu, RCA/Lu, RHA by RLA, and RLA by RHA strains were studied. With decreasing levels of task complexity the differences in avoidance learning between the selectively bred strains decreased significantly. Under the lower levels of complexity the strains reversed their relative positions in avoidance learning. Results are discussed in terms of inverted--U arousal function. The factors investigated in this study indicate that the differences in avoidance behavior of these lines of rats may be understood as deriving from genetically related different levels of arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

优化絮凝复合菌在马铃薯淀粉废水中培养及资源化处理条件的研究

通过单因素和正交实验优化马铃薯淀粉废水中培养絮凝复合菌的最佳营养条件,并利用响应面法优化所培养的絮凝复合菌处理马铃薯淀粉废水的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,马铃薯淀粉废水培养絮凝复合菌的最优条件为乙醇1.5m L/100m L、NH4NO30.15g/100m L、KH2PO40.35g/100m L、p H7.0;利用上述培养的絮凝复合菌处理马铃薯淀粉废水得到最佳工艺条件为复合菌投加量1m L/100m L、Ca Cl2投加量2m L/100m L、搅拌速度187r/min,此条件下马铃薯淀粉废水的化学需氧量(COD)去除率实际值达到89.10%,可回收粗蛋白物质6.23g/L作为动物蛋白饲料添加剂。      

木质纤维素制取燃料乙醇菌种的研究

目前,随着石油资源的日益枯竭,寻求一种廉价的、清洁的、可再生的新型能源成为各国能源领域科研人员的一项重要任务.乙醇作为一种工业燃料,具有许多优点,利用生物质制取燃料乙醇技术,越来越受到人们的广泛关注.文章报道了国内外近年来利用木质纤维素稀酸水解液制取燃料乙醇的菌种的研究现状,主要包括木质纤维素稀酸水解液乙醇发酵的酵母菌、细菌及基因重组菌的菌种构建等.     

豆豉纤溶酶等微生物源纤溶酶的研究与应用进展

豆豉纤溶酶是从我国传统发酵食品豆豉中分离得到一种具有溶解血纤维蛋白作用的蛋白酶。该文对近五年以豆豉纤溶酶为代表的微生物源纤溶酶的产生菌株筛选诱变与基因克隆表达、发酵工艺优化、酶的分离纯化、纤溶酶功能研究与相关制剂及保健品的开发方面的研究进行综述,对当下国内外对纤溶酶的研究现状进行分析探究,对其应用前景与发展方向进行展望,并对纤溶酶的研究方向提出建议。     

南美白对虾在低温贮藏过程中的品质及菌相变化分析

测定南美白对虾在不同低温贮藏过程中的感官品质、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量和菌落总数变化,并分离纯化各贮藏温度条件下的腐败菌株,利用ATB ExpressionTM仪进行鉴定,以明确南美白对虾在不同低温贮藏过程中的菌相变化,进一步揭示其腐败机理。结果表明：在冷藏、冰温贮藏、冻藏过程中,南美白对虾的货架期分别为3、8 d和56 d,到货架期终点时的菌落总数分别为6.76、6.82、5.91（lg（CFU/g））,TVB-N含量均值分别为27.06、29.96、27.45 mg/100 g;南美白对虾初始菌相中的优势菌株为Chryseobacteriummeningosepticum（22.0%）和Pseudomonas sp.（18.4%）。到货架期终点,冷藏条件下的优势菌株为Shewanellaputrefaciens（35.1%）和Pseudomonas sp.（24.3%）;冰温贮藏条件下的优势菌株为Shewanella putrefaciens（32.0%）和Chryseobacterium meningosepticum（27.0%）;冻藏条件下的优势菌株为Aeromonas sobria（30.5%）和Photobacterium damselae（25.0%）。     

A multiplicative finite strain finite element framework for the modelling of semicrystalline polymers and polycarbonates

This paper presents a phenomenological model for the simulation and analysis of stress‐induced orientational hardening in semicrystalline polymers and polycarbonates at finite strains. The notion of intermediate (local) stress‐free configuration is used to develop a set of constitutive equations, and its relation to the multiple natural (stress‐free) configurations in the class of materials being considered here is discussed. A hyperelastic stored energy function, written with respect to the intermediate stress‐free configuration is presented to model the finite elastic response. It is then combined with the J₂‐flow theory to model the finite inelastic response. The isochoric constraint during inelastic deformation is treated via an exact multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into volume‐preserving and spherical parts. The numerical solution algorithm is based on the use of operator splitting technique that results in a product formula algorithm with elastic‐predictor/inelastic‐corrector components. Numerical results are presented to show the behaviour of the model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.