心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土>10～30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 kPa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 kPa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,>30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区> 深松区>对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,>20～30 cm和>30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土>薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

生态平衡施肥：Ⅳ．通用施肥软件应用案例

以通用施肥专家系统软件在不同地区应用为例,对应用中发现的一些问题做一汇总,以便用户进一步理解生态平衡施肥理论、方法和软件的应用。     

几种确定作物施肥量的方法

确定作物施肥量是配方施肥技术中的核心问题。确定施肥量主要考虑作物产量、土壤供肥量和肥料利用率。介绍土壤养分分级法,目标产量配方法,田间试验法,氮、磷、钾比例法和经验施肥法确定施肥量的技术方法。     

施肥对土壤理化性状及玉米产量的影响

通过10年研究化肥与根茬、秸秆和有机肥定量配比施肥对土壤肥力、养分平衡及玉米产量的影响,结果表明:玉米单施化肥产量下降了7.9%;化肥 根茬产量持平;化肥 根茬 秸秆,土壤肥力和玉米产量同步上升,玉米增产17.1%;化肥 根茬 有机肥效果更佳,土壤肥力指标均上升,玉米增产32.1%。这对制定科学合理的培肥地力施肥措施,建立高产、优质、低耗的培肥制度,具有十分重要的意义。     

烟台市测土配方施肥采用的技术方法

在中国农业大学倡导的氮肥总量实时监控、磷钾肥恒量平衡监控法的基础上,结合烟台测土配方施肥实践,总结出一套测土配方施肥方法:根据某地块的养分含量(NO2-N,P,K)及目标产量,计算各养分的推荐施肥量;填写施肥建议卡,反馈给被测地块农户,提出施肥建议.其特点是量化和公式化,增加了可操作性.     

科学施肥与现代农业

论述科学施肥是现代农业中的一个重要内容,要大力推进先进的施肥技术,研发高效优化的新型肥料产品,普及推广科学用肥的方法,促进现代农业发展。介绍各种作物营养套餐施肥方案及示范试验测产结果。     

大白菜“3414”施肥试验初报

通过大白菜测土配方施肥"3414"试验,结果表明,以氮肥增产效果最佳,钾肥次之,氮磷钾施肥效应为N>K>P。通过三元二次肥料效应模型回归方程算出大白菜667 m2最高产量3 532.82 kg,667 m2N、P2O5、K2O最佳施用量分别为21、3、12 kg,m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)=1∶0.14∶0.57。     

环式卸煤机作为筒仓出料设备优劣分析

作为贮煤筒仓的卸料设备,环式卸煤机有诸多的优点,因而已逐渐成为火力发电厂、煤化工行业贮煤筒仓卸料设备的一个发展方向。通过对环式卸煤机与其它卸料设备的比较及环式卸煤机优缺点的分析,让读者充分认识贮煤筒仓采用环式卸煤机卸料是最佳卸料方式。     

黑龙江省甜菜优化施肥技术研究

在黑龙江省黑土和白浆土甜菜主产区,采用3×3优化施肥设计开展甜菜优化施肥研究.试验结果表明,黑龙江省甜菜高产施肥氮和钾的适宜用量为90 - 135kg/hm2,磷的适宜用量为80 - 120kg/hm2,氮磷钾的适宜比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.11∶1∶1.12.不施氮肥平均减产33.8％,不施磷肥平均减产21.1％,不施钾肥平均减产21.6％.从产量和含糖率综合考虑,最佳处理为N2P2K2,即N 90kg/hm2、P2O80kg/hm2、K2090 kg/hm2,较对照平均增产31.9％,含糖率平均增加1.08个百分点.建立了三种不同土壤的甜菜高产施肥模型.     

Optimizing production of in vivo-matured oocytes from superstimulated Holstein cows for in vitro production of embryos using X-sorted sperm

The present study aimed to establish an efficient system for the production of female embryos from dairy cows by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using X-sorted sperm and in vivo-matured oocytes collected by ovum pick up (OPU). Nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 36) were administered a controlled intravaginal progesterone-releasing (controlled internal drug release) device (d 0), underwent dominant follicle ablation (DFA) or ovulation by administration of 100 μg of GnRH on d 5, and were superstimulated with FSH and PGF_2α, following standard procedures. Controlled internal drug release devices were removed on the evening of d 8 or on the morning of d 9, depending on the experiment. For LH surge induction, 200 μg of GnRH was administered on the morning of d 10 (0 h). In experiment 1, the peak (48.1%) of ovulating follicles was detected at 29 to 32 h after GnRH injection (0 h), and the range in the timing of the initiation of ovulation was less by timing from GnRH administration (30.0 ± 2.8 h) rather than by timing the onset of estrus (32.7 ± 4.7 h). Only 0.9% of total ovulated follicles were recorded before 26 h after GnRH injection. Therefore, OPU was carried out at 26 h and IVF occurred at 30 h after GnRH in experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 2, 83.3 ± 10.8% of oocytes with expanded cumulus cells had extruded the first polar body at 30 h after GnRH injection. The aim of experiment 3 was to compare the effect of either DFA or GnRH-induced LH surge before superstimulation on the efficiency of embryo production by IVF following superstimulation. Progesterone concentrations from d 10 to 12 in the DFA group were lower than those in the GnRH group. A greater proportion of recovered oocytes with expanded cumulus cells from ≥8-mm follicles was observed in the DFA group than in the GnRH group (95.9 and 77.4%, respectively). Blastocyst rates in the DFA and GnRH groups (58.0 and 52.8%, respectively) did not differ from those of oocytes collected from nonstimulated OPU and matured in vitro (49.9%). However, the proportion of high-quality blastocysts was higher in the DFA group compared with the GnRH group (54.9 vs. 21.5%). Our results demonstrate that high rates of good-quality blastocysts can be produced by IVF with X-sorted frozen sperm using in vivo-matured oocytes collected by OPU from cows after DFA and superstimulation combined with ovulation induction.