湿喷桩在软土地基中的应用

通过S342省道（沪宜）无锡市区段3标段湿喷桩处理软基的施工实践，总结湿喷桩的施工工艺参数，质量控制手段，质量检测方法。湿喷桩处理后的软基加固见效快，耐久性好，施工工期短等优点。     

Mycorrhizal colonization and grain Cd concentration of field‐grown durum wheat in response to tillage,preceding crop and phosphorus fertilization

BACKGROUND: A 3‐year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The relationship between grain Cd and soil and plant variables was explored to determine the primary factors affecting grain Cd concentration. RESULTS: Mycorrhizal colonization of the roots was reduced by conventional tillage or when the preceding crop was canola (Brassica napus L.), compared to minimum tillage or when the preceding crop was flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). In contrast, grain Cd was not consistently affected by any treatment. Grain Cd was generally below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 100 µg Cd kg^?1 proposed by WHO. Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year, and could be predicted with 70% of variance accounted for by using the model: grain Cd concentration = ? 321.9 + 44.5× ln(grain yield) + 0.26× soil DTPA‐Cd + 182.5× soil electrical conductivity (EC)? 0.98× grain Zn concentration. CONCLUSIONS: These common agricultural management practices had no effect on grain Cd concentration in durum wheat though they impacted mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA‐Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

广西百色植烟土壤主要养分特征及施肥策略

2005、2006年采集了百色市8个产烟县有代表性的植烟土壤样品236个,并进行了土壤养分含量分析。结果表明,百色市土壤pH处于适宜范围,土壤有机质较为丰富,土壤速效氮、速效磷含量较高,土壤速效钾相对缺乏,土壤交换性钙、有效硫含量丰富,土壤交换性镁含量偏低。因此,在生产过程中,要遵循控氮、适磷、提钾原则,施用生物钾肥,提高土壤有效钾含量;注意增施镁肥,提高土壤交换性镁含量。     

苹果园的测土配方施肥技术

在一定的目标产量区间里,苹果园氮、磷、钾肥的施用量与土壤中氮、磷、钾养分含量呈负的线性关系：根据烟台地区苹果生产实践,总结提出了养分施用量与土壤养分含量、目标产量的线性函数公式,可方便求得苹果的适宜基、追施N、P2O5、K2O量。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from an Uruguayan argiudoll under different tillage and rotation treatments

Lack of local data limits estimation of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from different land uses of Uruguay. As a first step towards obtaining local information, we measured from August 2003 to September 2004 N₂O fluxes from a rotation-by-tillage experiment established in 1993 and from a nearby natural pasture (NP). Nitrous oxide emission rates were measured on an event-driven basis by using the closed chamber technique with six replicates per treatment. Fluxes varied considerably with time and the higher rates (more than 30 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) were generally associated with periods of high soil water content, high temperature, and/or decreasing soil nitrate. We could not identify, however, any statistically significant correlation between flux and these variables. Throughout the evaluation period, fluxes from crops or cultivated pastures tended to be higher than those from NP, but the effects of tillage (no-till and conventional tillage) or rotation (continuous tillage and rotation with pasture) were not consistent. The application of 112 kg N ha⁻¹ to barley did not increase N₂O fluxes probably due to a high fertilizer use efficiency caused by the recommended three-split application and by the lack of rain during this period. The annual cumulative flows of different treatments compared well with those estimated using IPCC methodology, but the high spatial and temporal variability observed in this one-year study indicate that further research is needed to obtain reliable data on N₂O fluxes from agricultural soils of Uruguay.     

有机无机肥不同施用方式对鄂西南植烟土壤有效氮动态的影响

在鄂西南烟区研究了化肥不同施用方式对植烟土壤有效氮时空动态的影响。结果表明,在降雨量较大年份,烟叶移栽后一个月内化学肥料带入的有效氮基本全部损失,有机肥料带入的氮素(有机态氮)则在移栽后45～70 d内在0～20 cm土层内发挥作用;移栽后60 d左右土壤自身有机氮开始矿化加速导致土壤有效氮升高。揭膜可以使化学氮素大量淋失,而全生育期覆膜则使后期土壤有效氮升高。提前施肥可能会使无机肥料氮素转化为有机氮,使氮素淋失的风险大幅度降低。     

不同施肥方式对植烟土壤有效氮、烟株氮累积量和速率的影响

在鄂西南植烟土壤上研究了不同施肥方式对土壤有效氮、烟株氮累积量以及氮累积速率的影响。结果显示,在不栽烟情况下,施肥后40 d内肥料养分损失完毕,60 d后土壤有机氮矿化量高于有效氮损失量,土壤有效氮出现净累积;全生育期覆膜方式下移栽后63 d内化肥处理(D)土壤有效氮明显高于有机无机配施处理(G),烟株氮累积和土壤有效氮下降成显著负相关,且G处理相关程度(-0.935)高于D处理(-0.661);前期覆膜团棵揭膜方式下,移栽后42 d内化肥处理(E)土壤有效氮明显高于有机无机配施处理(F),烟株氮累积量和累积速率F处理均高于E处理;提前施肥起垄方式下,化肥处理(I)和有机无机配施处理(H)土壤有效氮变化基本一致且烟株氮累积量和累积速率H处理均高于I处理。不论何种施肥方式,移栽后前期化肥处理土壤有效氮含量明显高于有机无机配施处理,而烟株氮累积则相反,证明施用有机肥可以使烟株对氮素吸收累积高峰提前,且提高烟株氮累积量和氮累积速率。提前施肥可明显弱化不同肥料处理之间土壤有效氮的差异。     

基于小波能量谱的刨煤机刨链动态张力信号分析

刨煤机刨链的受力状况对刨煤机的运行及可靠性有着重要影响。利用在时域和频域都具有较高分辨率的小波分析法,进一步采用小波能量谱分析刨链的张力信号能量分布。通过自行研制的刨煤机实验台测试获得刨链动态张力信号,分别对刨削时不同刨削深度,非刨削时不同初张力情况下的张力信号进行分析,结果表明:刨削和非刨削时,刨链张力信号能量主要集中在一个较低的频带上;刨削时,能量在多个频带上均有分布;非刨削时,其他频带分布较少;工况参数变化对张力信号能量分布有较大影响。通过小波能量谱分析能够清晰地得到刨链张力信号能量分布规律,为进一步分析刨链的力学性能、刨煤机的可靠性及故障诊断等方面提供依据。     

硫肥:新的机遇与挑战

列举了硫肥在中国、印度、阿根廷和巴西的应用。大量田间试验证明,SO^2-4或S^0微粒硫肥可显著提高农作物产量。比较了这两类硫肥的优缺点。SO^2-4为速效硫肥,易于被作物吸收,但容易发生淋溶损失。S^0须被微生物氧化成SO^2-4才能被作物吸收,由于这是一个渐进的过程,所以淋溶损失很小;此外S^0产品对后季作物具有良好的后效,这对双季耕作和一种或多种作物的轮作是很重要的。S^0转化成易于被植物吸收的SO^2-4形式受土壤和环境条件的影响。描述了S^0肥的一些新用途,如“种子膨胀”和病虫害的控制。植物养分硫具有良好的海外市场机遇,但高运费、高包装费用、产品在海运途中的破碎,可能使其缺乏可接受性。解决的方法是在有S^0资源的当地建立结构紧凑的模块式造粒装置。     

Synchronizing N Supply from Soil and Fertilizer and N Demand of Winter Wheat by an Improved Nmin Method

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and poor timing of N fertilizer application to winter wheat are common problems on the North China Plain. To study the possibilities of optimizing the timing and rate of N application, a field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in a suburb of Beijing. A control (no nitrogen) and two N fertilization strategies (conventional N application and optimized N fertilization) were designed to compare their effects on wheat growth, N nutrient status, grain yield and N balance. The conventional N fertilization strategy was given a fixed N rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹, which was split, half in autumn and half in spring as a top-dressing. The timing and rate of N and application of the optimized N fertilization strategy were determined by the target value of soil mineral nitrogen demand for three growth periods of wheat, which is related to the target yield, and soil mineral N (N_min) in the effective rooting depth at the beginning of these three periods. Based on the optimized N fertilization strategy, a total of 55 and 65 kg N ha⁻¹ had to be applied to winter wheat in the re-greening and shooting stages of the first and second experimental years, respectively. Compared with the high N rate before sowing in the conventional N fertilization treatment, the optimized N fertilization treatment did not require any N fertilizer before sowing of wheat. Despite a much lower N fertilization rate, no significant difference in N nutrient status, growth during the wheat growing period or grain yield was observed between optimized N and conventional N fertilization treatments. As a consequence of optimizing the rate and timing of the N fertilizer application to match wheat demand, a much lower residual N_min and calculated apparent N loss was found as compared to the conventional N treatment. N recovery for the optimized N fertilization treatment (67% in 1999/2000 and 66% in 2000/2001) was much higher than that of the conventional N fertilization treatment (19% in 1999/2000 and 18% in 2000/2001). In conclusion, the optimized N fertilization strategy can synchronize N demand of wheat and the N supply from soil and fertilizer, and therefore drastically reduce N application rates without any yield losses.