Recent trends in the chemistry of 2-aminobenzothiazoles

The chemistry of 2-aminobenzothiazoles has gained increased interest in both synthetic organic chemistry and biological fields, since a large number of developments in the use of such compounds, covering the literature up to 2007, seem to be of considerable value. The present review presents their synthetic methods and chemical reactions. The reactions are subdivided in groups that cover reactions at the amino substituent without touching the benzene ring and reactions which involve both nitrogen in the formal amidine system to give fused heterocyclic systems. Most imaginable reaction types have been successfully applied and used, as many of the synthesized compounds exhibit interesting biological activity in various fields.     

Asymmetry in object substitution masking occurs relative to the direction of spatial attention shift.

A sparse mask that persists beyond the duration of a target can reduce its visibility, a phenomenon called object substitution masking. Y. Jiang and M. M. Chun (2001a) found an asymmetric pattern of substitution masking such that a mask on the peripheral side of the target caused stronger substitution masking than on the central side. Assuming spatial attention was focused toward the target, the peripheral and central masks were located in the same and opposite direction of an attentional path with reference to the target in their study. We hypothesized that this asymmetric mask configuration relative to the attentional shift contributes to asymmetric substitution masking. To test this hypothesis, we conducted four experiments among which the presence or absence of the center–periphery relationship and the presence or absence of the asymmetric mask configuration were manipulated independently and orthogonally. The results suggest that asymmetric substitution masking occurs relative to the direction of spatial attention irrespective of the central–peripheral relation. We propose that the asymmetry in substitution masking might be explained by attentional momentum associated with orienting toward the target. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

中国工业生产的劳动、资本和能源的替代分析

用实证的方法对中国工业生产部门劳动、资本和能源之间的替代与互补关系进行了分析。研究工作以超越对数形式的成本函数为出发点,以局部替代弹性、交叉价格弹性和相对替代弹性为工具,结合1986年—2006年间的年度劳动、资本和能源价格的有关数据,对劳动或资本价格的下降所导致的能源使用比例下降效果进行了计算。计算结果表明:放开能源市场、容许能源价格按照市场供求关系上浮,是降低经济结构中能源消耗的一条可行路径;虽然下降幅度相当有限,但是资本或劳动价格的下降都可以减少能源使用比例,其中能源对劳动的替代程度要高于能源对资本的替代程度。     

Effects of climate change on biomass production and substitution in north-central Sweden

In this study we estimate the effects of climate change on forest production in north-central Sweden, as well as the potential climate change mitigation feedback effects of the resulting increased carbon stock and forest product use. Our results show that an average regional temperature rise of 4 °C over the next 100 years may increase annual forest production by 33% and potential annual harvest by 32%, compared to a reference case without climate change. This increased biomass production, if used to substitute fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials, can result in a significant net carbon emission reduction. We find that carbon stock in forest biomass, forest soils, and wood products also increase, but this effect is less significant than biomass substitution. A total net reduction in carbon emissions of up to 104 Tg of carbon can occur over 100 years, depending on harvest level and reference fossil fuel.     

Update survey on aroyl substituted thioureas and their applications

The literature on synthesis and applications of aroyl substituted thioureas is updated to 2006. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of structural features of the thioureas to their applications, which are in such diverse areas as the trace analysis of metals, materials science and agriculture. The review contains 93 references.     

Substitution possibilities and determinants of energy intensity for China

This paper measures technological change, factor demand and inter-factor and inter-fuel substitutability measures for China. We use individual fuel price data and a two-stage approach to estimate total factor cost functions and fuel share equations. Both inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution elasticities are calculated and the change in energy intensity is decomposed into its driving forces. The results suggest that energy is substitutable for capital regionally and for labor nationally. Capital substitutes for energy more easily than labor does. Energy intensity changes vary by region but the major drivers seem to be “budget effect” and the adoption of energy-intensive technologies, which might be embodied in high-level energy-using exports and sectors, capital investment and even old technique and equipment imports. Whether the trend in rising energy intensity continues will be significant for China and the rest of the world.     

Preparation of Substituted N-Methacryloxy Phthalimides for E-Beam Lithography

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a very good option for electron-beam resists, but suffers from poor radiation sensitivity and poor plasma etch resistance. These problems can be offset, at least in part, by functionalizing the PMMA with photo-labile, plasma etch-resistance groups. Toward this end, a series of N-methacryloxy phthalimides with different substitutuents (methyl, nitro, tetrahydrogen and dichloro) were synthesized as possible useful radiation-sensitive resists. The work discussed here focuses on the cycloimido group, which can be easily attached to methacrylic acid to form a radiation-sensitive resist material for use in electron beam lithography. The labile N–O bond of the cycloimido group, upon exposure to radiation, cleaves and forms a radical on the main chain of the polymer, which leads to polymer degradation. Cursory evaluations showed that these new materials are deserving of further study.     

Patterns of Innovation Capabilities in KIBS Firms: Evidence from the 2003 Statistics Canada Innovation Survey on Services

The aim of this paper is to shed light on complementarities and substitutions between various types of innovation capabilities in knowledge-intensive-based service (KIBS) firms. The data used in this study are the responses of 2,625 innovative firms to the 2003 Statistics Canada Innovation Survey on services. The empirical results suggest the presence of three patterns of complementary innovation capabilities, one pattern of substitute activities and finally, four patterns of innovation capabilities that are independent from each other. Hence, the results suggest the presence of complementarities: first, between internal R&D, external R&D, acquisition of equipment and machinery, and marketing activities; second, between external R&D, acquisition of equipment and machinery, acquisition of external knowledge and marketing activities; third, between acquisition of equipment and machinery, acquisition of external knowledge and marketing activities. Such complementarities lead to the conclusion that, in practice, managers of KIBS firms consider the consolidation of these capabilities jointly instead of separately. The paper also discusses issues related to patterns of capabilities that are substitutes and independent from each other. The results of this study also show significant heterogeneity in the determinants of the different patterns of innovation capabilities.     

Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing dairy cows grazing at two pasture allowances

Twenty multiparous Holstein cows (four ruminally cannulated) in five 4 x 4 Latin squares with 21-d periods were used to study the effect of concentrate supplementation when grazed at two pasture allowances. The four dietary treatments resulted from the combination of two pasture allowance targets (low, 25 vs. high, 40 kg of dry matter/cow per day) and two concentrate supplementation levels (zero vs. 1 kg of concentrate/4 kg of milk). Concentrate supplementation decreased pasture dry matter intake 2.0 kg/d at the low pasture allowance (17.5 vs. 15.5 kg/d) and 4.4 kg/d at the high pasture allowance (20.5 vs. 16.1 kg/d). Substitution rate was lower at the low pasture allowance (0.26 kg pasture/kg concentrate) than at the high pasture allowance (0.55 kg of pasture/kg of concentrate). Total dry matter intake of both supplemented treatments averaged 24.4 kg/d. Milk production of both supplemented treatments averaged 29.8 kg/d, but was increased with higher pasture allowance in the unsupplemented treatments (19.1 vs. 22.2 kg/d). Milk response to concentrate supplementation was 1.36 and 0.96 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for the low and high pasture allowances, respectively. Concentrate supplementation reduced milk fat percentage but increased milk protein percentage. Rumen pH and NH3-N concentration were decreased with concentrate supplementation. Substitution rate was likely related to both negative associative effects in the rumen (reductions in rumen pH, rate of pasture digestion, and NDF digestibility) and reductions in grazing time. The latter was more important, quantitatively explaining at least 80% of the reduction in pasture dry matter intake observed.     

Effects of Pd substitution for Ni on corrosion performances of Mg_(0.9)Ti_(0.1)Ni_(1-x)Pd_x hydrogen storage alloys

1 Introduction MgNi-based amorphous hydrogen storage alloys have drawn much attention in the last ten years. Compared with AB5 or AB2 type electrode alloys, the alloy candidates for the negative electrode of Ni-MH batteries possess several advantages, su…