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21.
D. L. Purcell B. T. McClure J. McDonald Hemendra N. Basu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(3):381-388
An evaluation of the exhaust emissions from a compression ignition engine for fuels composed of 100 and 30% methyl esters
of soy oil (SME) is described. These fuels were compared with a low-sulfur, petroleum #2 diesel fuel in a Caterpillar 3304,
prechamber, 75 kW diesel engine, operated over heavy- and light-duty transient test cycles developed by the United States
Bureau of Mines. More than 60 h of testing was performed on each fuel. The objective was to determine the influence of the
fuels upon diesel particulate matter (DPM) and gaseous emissions. The effect of a modern diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) also
was determined in an effort to minimize emissions. Neat SME produced a higher volatile fraction of the DPM, but much less
carbon soot fraction, leading to overall DPM reductions of 23 to 30% for the light- and heavy-duty transients. The DOC further
reduced the volatile fraction and the total DPM. The SME fuel reduced gaseous emissions of CO by 23% and hydrocarbons by over
30% without increasing NOx. The DOC further reduced CO and hydrocarbon levels. Mutagenicity of the SME exhaust was low. Results indicate that SME fuel,
used with a proper DOC, may be a feasible emission reduction technology for underground mines.
References to specific products do not imply endorsement by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, a now defunct agency. 相似文献
22.
Enzymatic production of alkyl esters through alcoholysis: A critical evaluation of lipases and alcohols 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
Li?Deng Xuebing?XuEmail author Gudmundur?G.?Haraldsson Tianwei?Tan Fang?Wang 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(5):341-347
This paper focuses on a detailed evaluation of commercially available immobilized lipases and simple monohydric alcohols for
the production of alkyl esters from sunflower oil by enzymatic alcoholysis. Six lipases were tested with seven alcohols, including
straight and branched-chain primary and secondary alcohols. The reactions were conducted in a batch stirred reaction vessel
using stoichiometric amounts of substrates under solvent-free conditions. Dramatic differences in alcoholysis performance
were observed among the different lipases. For most of the alcohols, Novozym 435 produced the highest yield of FA alkyl esters,
with yields well over 90% for methanol, absolute ethanol, and 1-propanol. Overall, 96% ethanol was the preferred alcohol for
all lipases except Novozym 435, and ethanolysis reactions reached the maximal conversion efficiency. Increasing the water
content in the system resulted in an increased degree of conversion for all lipases except Novozym 435. The secondary alcohol
2-propanol significantly reduced the alcoholysis reaction with all lipases; however, the branch-chain isobutanol was more
advantageous than linear 1-butanol for Novozym 435, Lipozyme RMIM, and Lipase PS-C. Many commercial immobilized lipases are
highly efficient and promising for the production of alkyl esters, offering high reaction yields and a simple operation process. 相似文献
23.
Vinnie?Mao Samir?K.?Konar David?G.?B.?BoocockEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(8):803-808
The base-catalyzed transmethylation of soybean oil has been studied under conditions whereby the reaction starts as a single
phase, but later becomes two phases as glycerol separates. Methanol/oil molar ratios of 6∶1 were used at 23°C. The catalysts
were sodium hydroxide (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt%), potassium hydroxide (1.0 and 1.4 wt%), and sodium methoxide (0.5, 1.0, and
1.35 wt%), all concentrations being with respect to the oil. Oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) was used to form a single reaction
phase. The reactions deviated from homogeneous kinetics as glycerol separated, taking with it most of the catalyst. When 1.0
wt% sodium hydroxide was used, the methyl ester content reached 97.5 wt% after 4 h, compared with 85–90 wt% in the two-phase
reaction. Sodium hydroxide (1.0 wt%), sodium methoxide (1.35 wt%), and potassium hydroxide (1.4 wt%) gave similar results,
presumably because the same number of moles was used. The ASTM biodiesel specification for chemically bound glycerol was achieved
after only 3 min when 2.0 wt% sodium hydroxide was used. However, the standard was not achieved after 4 h when 1.0 wt% sodium
hydroxide was used, the MG content being 1.1–1.6 wt%. The use of 2.0 wt% catalyst is commercially impractical. 相似文献
24.
Hiromi Yoshida Mikiko Tatsumi Goro Kajimoto 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1991,68(8):566-570
Effects of microwave heating on the oxidative stability ofd-tocopherols were studied in relation to the production of fatty acids in oils. During microwave heating, the stability of
tocopherols decreased in the orderδ>β>γ>α. This order did not depend on the types of ethyl esters of fatty acids or oils present. But, the shorter the chainlength
and the lower the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid ethyl esters, the greater was the reduction in amount of individual
tocopherols. A similar tendency was observed when tocopherol-stripped vegetable oils, with equimolar mixtures of tocopherols
added, were treated under the same conditions. The reduction in tocopherols became greater with increasing levels of free
fatty acids. 相似文献
25.
Analysis of the polyethylene glycol glucosides and FA esters thereof by atmospheric-pressure ionization MS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xin?Jin Jinzong?YangEmail author Bingtao?Tang Minggui?Zhu Ning?Yu Yi?Liu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2003,80(6):519-524
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) glucosides (PEGG) and the PEGG esters of lauric acid were analyzed by atmospheric-pressure ionization
MS (API-MS) with electrospray ionization. Straightforward mass characterization of the complex mixtures could be achieved
without prior chromatographic separation. The constituents were identified on the basis of quasi-molecular ions. Individual
components could be observed as protonated molecular ions [M+H]+ and/or as their NH4
+, Na+, or K+ adducts in positive ion mode. The mass spectrometric investigation showed that mixtures of PEGG consisted of monoglucoside,
diglucoside, polyglucoside, and free PEG. The esterification product is a mixture of two types of nonionic surfactants: PEG-laurates
and PEGG-laurates. The reasons for distortion of the quasi-molecular ion intensities and the stabilization of adduct ions
were discussed. The rapid and highly sensitive API-MS analysis technique proposed here is well suited for direct characterization
of complex mixtures and suitable for development as a routine analytical method. 相似文献
26.
棉籽油间歇式酯交换反应动力学的研究 总被引:45,自引:0,他引:45
生物柴油(棉籽油甲酯)可以由棉籽油与甲醇在催化剂KOH存在下通过酯交换反应制得。故对棉籽油间歇式酯交换反应动力学进行了研究,并考察了反应温度和催化剂浓度对产物棉籽油甲酯浓度的影响。用液相色谱法分析棉籽油的组成;用气相色谱法分析产物中棉籽油甲酯的含量。由实验数据绘制的动力学曲线得到酯交换反应在开始阶段为准二级反应,以后紧接转为一级反应和零级反应,与文献报导的棕榈油酯交换反应动力学结果一致。由实验数据求出酯交换反应在开始阶段的动力学参数,35℃、45℃时的反应速率常数分别为0.9179Lmol-1min-1和1.049Lmol-1min-1,酯交换反应的活化能为10.88kJmol-1。根据实验结果得到棉籽油酯交换反应的最佳反应温度为45℃,最佳催化剂为1.1%KOH。 相似文献
27.
Torben?H.?Roenne Xuebing?Xu Tianwei?TanEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(12):881-885
Enzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C6–C18) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C16) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) as well as the textile-immobilized Candida sp. lipase. A method was established to obtain ester yields in the range of 71 to 82% for the different alcohols, and the most favorable conditions for the esterification reaction using Novozym 435 were an equimolar ratio of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C. 相似文献
28.
Gerhard?KnotheEmail author Robert?O.?Dunn 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2003,80(10):1021-1026
During storage and use, vegetable oil-derived industrial products such as biodiesel and biodegradable lubricants can be subjected
to conditions that promote oxidation of their unsaturated components. The materials arising during oxidation and subsequent
degradation can seriously impair the quality and performance of such products. Therefore, oxidative stability is a significant
issue facing these vegetable oil-derived products, and enhanced understanding of the influence of various components of vegetable
oils and storage parameters is necessary. In this work, the oil stability index (OSI) was used for assessing oxidation of
monoalkyl esters of FA by varying several parameters. Neat fatty compounds and prepared mixtures thereof were studied for
assessing the influence of compound structure and concentration. Small amounts of more highly unsaturated compounds had a
disproportionately strong effect on oxidative stability. The recently developed concept of bis-allylic equivalents correlated
more closely than the iodine value with the OSI times of mixtures of fatty esters. The OSI times of free acids were shorter
than those of the corresponding alkyl esters. The presence of copper, iron, and nickel also reduced oxidative stability, but
their effect was less than the presence of more highly unsaturated fatty compounds. Of these metals, copper had the strongest
catalytic effect on OSI time. OSI may be an alternative to long-term storage tests for determining the influence of extraneous
materials such as metals on oxidative stability. 相似文献
29.
30.
Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel components (fatty acid alkyl esters) and related compounds at low temperatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats is, has undergone rapid development and acceptance as an alternative diesel fuel. Kinematic viscosity is one of the fuel properties specified in biodiesel standards, with 40 °C being the temperature at which this property is to be determined and ranges of acceptable kinematic viscosity given. While data on kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and related materials at higher temperatures are available in the literature, this work reports on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and a variety of fatty acid alkyl esters at temperatures from 40 °C down to −10 °C in increments of 5 °C using the appropriately modified standard reference method ASTM D445. Investigating the low-temperature properties of biodiesel, including viscosity, of biodiesel and its components is important because of the problems associated with the use of biodiesel under these conditions. Such data may aid in developing biodiesel fuels optimized for fatty ester composition. An index termed here the low-temperature viscosity ratio (LTVR) using data at 0 °C and 40 °C (divide viscosity value at 0 °C by viscosity value at 40 °C) was used to evaluate individual compounds but also mixtures by their low-temperature viscosity behavior. Compounds tested included a variety of saturated, monounsaturated, diunsaturated and triunsaturated fatty esters, methyl ricinoleate, in which the OH group leads to a significant increase in viscosity as well as triolein, as well as some fatty alcohols and alkanes. Esters of oleic acid have the highest viscosity of all biodiesel components that are liquids at low temperatures. The behavior of blends of biodiesel and some fatty esters with a low-sulfur diesel fuel was also investigated. 相似文献