Factors affecting the presence of ochratoxin A in wines

Ochratoxin A (OTA) are synthesized mainly by different species of Aspergillus and Penicillium being its human toxicological effects reflected in different countries due to the consumption of different foods and beverages such as red, white, rose, and special wines. This review presents an overview of the direct (meteorological conditions, grape cultivation, and wine-making techniques) and indirect (latitude, year of production, use of pesticides, presence of spoilage microorganisms, conditions of storage of the harvested grapes, type of maceration, and conditions of fermentation), factors affecting the presence of OTA in wines.     

Antioxidant activity of grape extracts in a lecithin liposome system

Extracts of 14 different grapes were tested for their antioxidant activities in a copper-catalyzed lecithin liposome oxidation assay and analyzed for their phenolic components by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total phenolic contents of the grape extracts varied from 176 to 1236 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L. Extracts of red wine grape varieties contained higher concentrations of phenolics than other varieties. When compared at the same 20 μM GAE basis, the grape extracts inhibited formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides by 25.1 to 67.9%, and hexanal formation by 49.3 to 97.8%. Extracts of red table grape varieties Red Globe and Emperor and white wine grape varieties Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc gave the highest antioxidant activities. The relative percentage inhibition of conjugated dienes and hexanal correlated with total phenols (r=0.86 and 0.89). HPLC analyses showed that anthocyanins were the most abundant phenolic compounds in extracts of red grapes, and flavonols were most abundant in extracts of white grapes.     

Field-Testing of Methyl Salicylate for Recruitment and Retention of Beneficial Insects in Grapes and Hops

Evidence for recruitment and retention of beneficial insects in grapes and hops using controlled-release dispensers of methyl salicylate (MeSA), a component of herbivore-induced volatile blends, is presented. In a replicated experiment conducted in a juice grape vineyard, sticky cards in blocks baited with MeSA captured significantly greater numbers of five species of predatory insects (Chrysopa nigricornis, Hemerobius sp., Deraeocoris brevis, Stethorus punctum picipes, Orius tristicolor) than unbaited blocks. Four insect families (Syrphidae, Braconidae, Empididae, Sarcophagidae) were also significantly more abundant in the MeSA-baited blocks, as indicated by sticky card captures. Canopy shake samples and sticky card monitoring conducted in a MeSA-baited, unsprayed hop yard indicated development and maintenance of a beneficial arthropod population that was nearly four times greater than that present in an unbaited reference yard. Four times as many S. punctum picipes and six times as many O. tristicolor were sampled in the MeSA yard. Similar contrasts in abundance of these predators and others were apparent when compared with levels recorded in the yard in previous years. The large population of predatory insects in the MeSA-baited hop yard was associated with a dramatic reduction in spider mite numbers, the major arthropod pest of hops, in late June, and subeconomic populations were maintained for the rest of the season. The evidence presented here is highly suggestive that the use of controlled-release MeSA in a crop could increase recruitment and residency of populations of certain beneficial insects. This strategy may have the potential to enhance the efficacy and reliability of conservation biological control in crop pest management.     

巨峰葡萄的冰温高湿保鲜及出库

通过试验分析了不同成熟度的巨峰葡萄在冰温高湿保鲜过程中的生化变化 ,探讨了葡萄在保鲜过程中可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量、酸含量、呼吸强度的变化及抗压强度的变化规律 ,并试验了出库的方法 .试验结果显示 ,在 60d的冰温高湿保鲜过程中 ,成熟度为 7～ 8成的巨峰葡萄的各种变化很小 .经感观评定 ,其口感和风味与新鲜葡萄相比均无明显差异 .     

穿刺测试和 fisher 判别法在葡萄贮藏期间质地评价的应用

本实验的目的是利用统计学方法验证所编辑的10个穿刺测试参数在贮藏期间葡萄软化过程中是否有测试意义,是否可以代表葡萄浆果的整体质构特点。同时找出评价贮藏期葡萄质地差异的最关键的质构参数,为贮藏期葡萄质地评价提供理论依据。将意大利、巨峰、白罗莎里奥和马奶4个不同品种的葡萄分别通过冷库模拟冷库贮藏条件,通过恒温恒湿箱模拟运输和货架贮藏条件,得到葡萄浆果穿刺参数在不同贮藏条件下的测量值,并对其进行判别分析。结果表明:在温度高于0℃（运输或货架）贮藏期间葡萄软化过程中所编辑的10个穿刺参数有测试意义,可以区分出葡萄在不同贮藏期的质构变化,也很好的总结了整条力-位移穿刺曲线,可以代表葡萄浆果整体的质构特点。在温度0℃（冷库贮藏）贮藏期间葡萄软化过程中所编辑的10个穿刺参数对葡萄质构的区分度不大,没有实际测试意义。其中,果皮硬度、果皮刚度以及浆果形变度是评价贮藏期质地变化最关键的参数。      

Effect of pH on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus niger aggregate species

The effect of pH (2-10) on growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by 12 Aspergillus niger aggregate strains was studied in two culture media: Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA) and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES), over 30 days. The strains were selected to include different sources, different reported abilities to produce OTA and different ITS-5.8S rDNA RFLP patterns. YES was a better culture medium than CYA for OTA production. In this medium, OTA was produced from pH 2 or 3 to 10 depending on the strain. The results show the ability of A. niger aggregate strains not only to grow, but also to produce OTA over a wide pH range. The results will lead to a better understanding of the role of A. niger aggregate strains in the OTA contamination of several food commodities.     

基于层次-关联度和主成分分析的无核鲜食葡萄品质评价

通过对银川引种的10个无核鲜食葡萄果实品质的综合评价,筛选出品质优良品种,为宁夏地区鲜食葡萄发展提供可开发资源的科学依据。对供试品种的14个基本品质指标进行观察测定,应用层次-关联度和主成分分析综合评价了无核鲜食葡萄品质,并根据综合得分进行排序。结果表明,在层次-关联度分析中,建立了3个层次,分别是目标层、准则层、指标层,目标层即为果实综合品质,准则层分为外观品质和内在品质,内在品质权重值为0.6,外观品质权重值0.4,指标层香味、风味权重赋值最高,分别是0.1535和0.1413,而单粒重和单穗重是影响外在品质的重要因素,权重值是0.1087和0.1062,‘瑞峰无核’的外观品质表现最好,加权关联度是0.7477,‘爱神玫瑰’的内在品质表现最好,加权关联度是0.9131,综合品质表现最优是‘爱神玫瑰’,其次是‘无核翠宝’,然后是‘夏黑’,加权关联度依次是0.8006、0.7732、0.7291;主成分分析法提取了4个主成分,累积贡献率达到86.332%,第一主成分的总酸、固酸比、糖酸比、风味和香味起主要影响;第二主成分的果皮厚度、果粒整齐度、单穗重和果穗紧密度对其影响大;第三主成分的单粒重、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和风味对其的影响大;第四主成分的着色一致性和维生素C含量对其的影响大,综合得分最高的是‘无核翠宝’,其次是‘夏黑’,然后是‘爱神玫瑰’,得分依次是1.31、1.17、1.02,综合得分最低的是‘无核白鸡心’,得分为-2.11。两种分析方法综合得分排名前三的均是‘无核翠宝’、‘爱神玫瑰’和‘夏黑’,排名末位的均是‘无核白鸡心’,可作为今后优良品种区试推广的理论依据。     

A study of antioxidant properties of some varieties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are a major fruit crop in the world. Grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their antioxidant activity. We have evaluated the antioxidant potential of 11 grapes varieties from India and nearby Asian countries. The assays employed involve different levels of antioxidant action like ferric reducing antioxidant power, radical scavenging by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferrylmyoglobin/2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were also estimated. Our study indicates that cv. Mango is the most potent followed by Sharad Seedless. Ethanolic extracts were found to be more effective than aqueous extracts. Cv. Sharad Seedless, Mango, and Manikchaman also had high ORAC values. Their HPLC analysis showed the presence of various antioxidant polyphenols. In conclusion our studies identified some varieties of grapes with high antioxidant activities and showed that their high antioxidant potential may be due to their phenolic and flavonoid contents.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响,选取3种不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(1、2、3 g/L)对振动后的葡萄(振动强度5 Hz,最大振幅5 cm,振动时间12 h)进行涂膜,比较蒸馏水处理的鲜食葡萄与不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处理后的鲜食葡萄在室温(25±1)℃储藏期间(10 d)的保鲜效果,主要通过测定品质指标(失重率、腐烂率、硬度、可溶性固形物)、呼吸强度、V_C含量和总酚含量来表现。结果表明:在储藏期间,不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜可不同程度改善鲜食葡萄的保鲜效果,主要体现在减少水分流失,降低失重率(对比对照组,最高可降低35.19%),减缓储藏过程中的软化及腐烂(腐烂率最高降低了29.78%),降低呼吸强度,减少营养物质V_C和总酚的消耗(最高分别减少了53.02%和68.97%)。同时发现2 g/L浓度的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处的鲜食葡萄综合保鲜效果最佳,在室温储藏10 d后,失重率21.44%,腐烂率49.35%,硬度323.53 kg/cm²,V_C含量降低23.45%,总酚含量下降17%。为今后鲜食葡萄的保鲜研究提供理论依据。