Effects of Air Velocity,Air Temperature,and Berry Diameter on Wild Blueberry Drying

Abstract:

In order to design, manufacture, and commission a commercial dryer to dry individually quick frozen (IQF) wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium), The Nova Scotian Fruit Company completed a series of experiments to characterize the effect of air velocity, air temperature, and packed bed depth on drying. Based on previous experience with forced air packed bed drying systems at air temperatures up to 65°C, the experiments focused on measuring the effect of air temperature and velocity during the first few hours of drying. The data collected suggest that drying occurs solely in the falling rate period. These data were used to successfully design, build, and commission a commercial dryer with a tenfold increase in production capacity over previous equipment.     

Retention of Eucalyptol,a Natural Volatile Insecticide,in Delivery Systems Based on Hydroxypropyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin and Liposomes

Eucalyptol (Euc) is a natural monoterpene with insecticide effects. Being highly volatile and sensitive to ambient conditions, its encapsulation would enlarge its application. Euc‐loaded conventional liposomes (CL), cyclodextrin/drug inclusion complex, and drug‐in‐cyclodextrin‐in‐liposomes (DCL) are prepared to protect Euc from degradation, reduce its evaporation, and provide its controlled release. The liposomal suspension is freeze‐dried using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) as cryoprotectant. The liposomes are characterized before and after freeze‐drying. The effect of Euc on the fluidity of liposomal membrane is also examined. A release study of Euc from delivery systems, in powder and reconstituted forms, is performed by multiple head extraction at 60 °C after 6 months of storage at 4 °C. CL and DCL suspensions are homogeneous, show nanometric vesicles size, spherical shape, and negative surface charge before and after freeze‐drying. Moreover, HP‐β‐CD does not affect the fluidity of liposomes. CL formulations present a weak encapsulation for Euc. The loading capacity of eucalyptol in DCL is 38 times higher than that in CL formulation. In addition, freeze‐dried DCL and HP‐β‐CD/Euc inclusion complex show a higher retention of eucalyptol than CL delivery system. Both carrier systems HP‐β‐CD/Euc and Euc‐loaded DCL decrease Euc evaporation and improve its retention. Practical Applications: Eucalyptol is a natural insecticide. It is highly volatile and poorly soluble in water. To enlarge its application, its encapsulation in three delivery systems (conventional liposomes, cyclodextrin/drug inclusion complex, combined system composed of cyclodextrin inclusion complex and liposome) is studied. In this paper it is proved that cyclodextrin/eucalyptol inclusion complex and eucalyptol‐in‐cyclodextrin‐in‐liposome are effective delivery systems for encalyptol encapsulation, retention, and release.     

湿建筑材料中VOC释放规律

湿建筑材料中挥发性有机物（volatile organic compound,VOC）释放过程是一个非常复杂的物理过程,其中包括材料本身的干燥过程以及质量传递过程。为探讨湿建筑材料中VOC的释放机理,本文建立了描述湿建筑材料中VOC释放过程的物理模型,模型考虑了湿建筑材料中VOC释放过程中的干燥过程,并用该模型分析了VOC的饱和蒸气压在整个VOC释放过程中的作用机理。把该模型的计算结果与VB模型求解结果、Yang等建立的模型求解结果以及实验结果进行了对比,得出干燥模型计算结果与Yang等建立的模型计算结果以及实验数据吻合较好,较VB模型能更准确地描述VOC的扩散过程。通过不同工况下环境小室的实验数据,对温度与相对湿度对湿建筑材料中VOC释放过程的影响规律进行了分析。     

A review of solar dryers developed for grape drying

This paper attempts to review various solar dryers developed exclusively for grape drying on a normal scale. Many popular varieties of solar dryers, certain typical models as well as traditional methods practiced for drying grapes are presented in this paper. Technical and economical results have proved that solar drying of grapes is quite feasible. Commercialization of solar drying of grapes has not gained momentum as expected, may be due to high initial investment and low capacity of the dryers. Even, the farmer’s acceptance of solar dryers developed is not encouraging. Exhaustive research and development work has to be carried out in order to make solar drying of grapes economical and user friendly. There has been a remarkable achievement in solar drying of grapes due to sustained research and development associated with the adoption of advanced technologies. A review of various solar drying models for grapes is thus necessitated.     

滚筒式煤泥干燥系统的改进

对滚筒式煤泥干燥系统中往复式燃烧炉在生产中出现的问题进行了分析,找出了燃烧炉砌体缝隙生成的原因;采用新型浇注材料烧结整体密封耐磨陶瓷对炉体进行密封后,煤泥干燥系统生产稳定,燃烧炉热工效率大大提高,节约了能源消耗,干燥机的生产能力增加。     

色谱法和电位法在测定药物苯溴马隆离解常数中的比较

离解常数是从分子水平深入理解一些药物的吸收、体内分布以及代谢等研究的一个重要参数.以苯溴马隆为样品,对色谱法在药物离解常数中的应用进行了考察,并与经典的电位法进行了详细的比较和分析,还对毛细管电泳法、电位滴定法进行了优化和改进.     

干燥作业温度自动控制系统的研究

本文介绍了以干燥系统引风机入口温度和燃烧炉出口温度为主信号,以8031单片机为核心,采用增量式PID控制算法的温度自动控制系统。应用结果表明,系统简单,操作方便,工作可靠,控制精度较高,能够满足工艺要求。     

干燥方式对RDX/RF复合含能材料结构性能影响

采用超临界干燥方式和冷冻干燥方式制得RDX/RF气凝胶和干凝胶.利用扫描电镜(SEM),BET比表面积分析,X射线粉末衍射(XRD),差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其结构进行了表征.结果表明: 超临界干燥方式得到的RDX/RF气凝胶具有典型纳米孔洞结构和高比表面积特性.冷冻干燥导致干凝胶骨架结构坍塌,比表面积显著降低.RDX/RF气凝胶中RDX的平均晶粒度在34～38 nm之间,干凝胶中RDX的平均晶粒度在50～100 nm之间.RDX/RF气凝胶和干凝胶的热分解峰分别提前了14～25 ℃和2～7 ℃.     

悬浮式烘箱风嘴结构的优化设计及实验验证

目的 创新设计风嘴泄压孔结构,优化风嘴和基材之间由于气流撞击而形成的涡流,导致基材表面风速温度堆积不均匀的问题。方法 采用Fluent软件,建立单一的风嘴仿真模型,并利用RNG k-ε湍流模型进行数值仿真模拟,分析风嘴有无泄压孔结构对基材干燥特性的影响,并在7种泄压孔设计结构中确定了相对最优方案,通过搭建实验台验证最优风嘴泄压孔结构设计的合理性。结果 实验研究结果表明,通过增设相对最优风嘴泄压孔结构,基材表面涡流产生区域平均风速提高了3.32 m/s,均方差降低了0.86;平均温度提高了24.76K,均方差降低了5.96,表明设计有泄压孔结构的风嘴能明显改善由于涡流堆积造成的风速和温度较低的现象。结论 设计泄压孔结构的风嘴在两狭缝之间区域的风速和温度均有明显提升,涡流区域的压力产生明显下降,改善了风嘴两狭缝之间由漩涡引起的风速、温度较低现象。     

南极磷虾粉真空干燥特性及对其品质的影响

目的 探究南极磷虾粉的真空干燥特性及其营养品质变化规律。方法 将磷虾原料在不同真空度(0.04、0.06、0.08 MPa)及温度(75、85、95 ℃)下进行真空干燥。通过测定干基含水率、干燥速率及水分扩散系数,研究其干燥特性。通过测定虾青素含量、TBA和色差,探究其营养品质的差异。结果 在75 ℃下,采用真空度0.06 MPa和0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其干燥时间分别缩短了15%、21%。在不同真空干燥条件下,磷虾有效水分扩散系数在(3.555 77~6.574 12)×10⁻¹⁰ m²/s之间,Midilli 模型预测值与实验值之间具有较高的拟合度(R²>0.999),能较准确地反映虾粉真空干燥过程。提高真空度可显著抑制虾青素的分解及脂肪氧化,在75 ℃条件下,采用真空度0.06 MPa和0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其虾青素含量分别提高了21%、48%。在95 ℃条件下,采用真空度0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其TBA值降低了47%。L^*、a^*受到温度的影响更明显,在同一温度下∆E随着真空度的上升而降低。结论 在0.08 MPa、75 ℃下,通过真空干燥可以有效抑制虾粉中活性物质的降解,同时保证干燥速率,此研究为南极磷虾粉的真空干燥工艺设计及生产控制提供了理论参考。