A review on tomato authenticity: quality control methods in conjunction with multivariate analysis (chemometrics)

Authenticity and traceability have been two of the most important issues in the food chain. Authenticity in particular, is closely related with both food quality and safety issues. Vegetables stand for a category of foods heavily affected by adulteration either in terms of geographic origin (national or international level) or production methods (organic or conventional production, fertilizers, pesticides, genetically modified vegetables). This review aims at addressing most of the currently applied methods for ensuring quality control of vegetables; a) instrumental: ion chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, electronic nose and mass spectroscopy and b) sensory analysis. The results of all the above mentioned methods were analyzed by means of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, canonical analysis, and factor analysis). All ensuing results and conclusions are summarized in eight comprehensive tables.     

番茄水煮烹调工艺的研究--层次分析法的应用

本文以番茄为研究对象，以旋转回归法为实验设计方案，以VC含量、感官评定、仪器分析为指标，以层次分析法为分析手段，研究了番茄水煮过程中的食醋含量、料液比、水煮时间与品质质量之间的关系。结果表明，番茄的水煮介质为食醋，最佳烹调工艺为在食醋浓度0.054％的溶液中，料液比1：1，4条件下水煮5min。本研究为促进番茄水煮工艺标准化提供了理论依据。     

番茄汁酸奶的研制

用保加利亚乳杆菌（L.bulgaricus）与嗜热链球菌（S.thermophilus）按1：1比例混合作发酵剂，用新鲜优质牛乳为原料，加入0.2%-0.3%的稳定剂，经90-95℃加热处理5min，冷却至45℃左右，加入经杀菌后的新鲜蕃茄汁8%，按2%-3%比例加入发酵剂，装瓶于39-43℃培养2-2.5h，冷藏可制得风味纯正，营养价值高的酸奶。     

番茄、胡萝卜乳酸菌发酵饮料的研制

开发研制新疆地产番茄、胡萝卜混合汁乳酸菌发酵饮料。方法：以优质番茄酱和胡萝卜浓缩汁为原料，用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为菌种，采用四因素三水平正交实验，确定中间种子扩大液、发酵液及发酵饮料口感稳定性的最佳工艺配方。结果：用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌按1：1比例作为菌种；种子扩大液的最佳配方：番茄、胡萝卜混合汁配比3：7，2％葡萄糖，2％脱脂乳，3％接种量；发酵液最佳配方：番茄、胡萝卜混合汁配比3：7，发酵温度41℃，发酵时间24h，接种量3％；发酵饮料调配最佳配方；发酵原液中添加蔗糖5％，柠檬酸0．02％，耐酸羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）0．2％，黄原胶0．03％。     

风味番茄饮料加工工艺的研究

以番茄为原料，针对提高番茄出汁率、饮料稳定性、饮料风味的保持工艺进行了研究。结果发现，对番茄热破碎，经0．8‰果胶酶处理可提高出汁率（74．5％）。通过正交试验获得番茄饮料最佳配方为CMC—Na0．05％，琼脂0．05％，黄原胶0．03％，白砂糖4.0％，蜂蜜2．0％，柠檬酸0.5％，番茄果浆90％。     

番茄红素提取工艺及性质研究

番茄去皮、绞碎后,用丙酮和氯仿(1∶2)提取,经无水硫酸钠脱水后,40℃真空干燥,一次提取率达到91.67%。西红柿中番茄红素的含量为224μg/g。番茄红素最大吸收峰为470nm;太阳光易导致褪色,室内或暗处稳定;4～40℃温度范围内稳定;对pH值变化较敏感。10.9～99mmol/LK+、20.7～69.9mmol/LNa+和8～31.7mmol/LFe3+对该色素几乎无影响;低浓度Ca2+对该色素无影响,但高浓度时有影响;Cu2+对该色素影响较大。Vc、苯甲酸钠及H2O2在一定范围内对色素无影响,而Na2SO3对色素影响较大。     

豆渣面包质构及风味评价

在研制出豆渣面包的基础上,比较研究了豆渣面包与普通面包的品质差异。通过控制变量法,对两种面包产品的感官,质构以及风味进行了比较和评价。结果表明,以面粉100%计,加入面粉质量10%的干豆渣、43%的豆浆及10%的黄油时,所得产品品质优良,风味独特;加入豆渣粉的面包感官评分较普通面包好;豆渣面包的硬度、黏结性和咀嚼性比普通面包大,而粘性和弹性却不如普通面包;含豆渣面包与普通面包气味成分差别不显著。     

不同前处理方法对花生粕酶解液中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

研究了弱碱高温处理法、H_2O_2处理法和不同过滤介质去除黄曲霉毒素的效果。结果表明,弱碱高温处理对原料中的黄曲霉毒素有较好的去除效果,花生粕经过121℃,pH10,60min处理,黄曲霉毒素的破坏率高达84.5%,最终酶解上清液中黄曲霉毒素的含量为0.344ng/mL,达到欧盟安全标准;用H_2O_2处理,低浓度H_2O_2对于黄曲霉毒素的破坏很少,当浓度达到1600mg/kg,酶解上清液中的黄曲霉毒素达到0.104ng/mL,相对于不加H_2O_2处理的酶解上清液,其黄曲霉毒素减少率达94.87%,但高浓度的H_2O_2处理不利干酶解的进行;对于不同的过滤介质,以活性碳吸附去毒效果较好,但同时氨态氮的损失率高达7.03%。综合考虑实验的各方面因素,如成本问题以及脱毒后酶解的蛋白回收率和氨态氮含量问题,选择先在121℃,pH10条件下处理60min,酶解48h,然后用普通滤纸过滤进行脱毒处理,此时酶解上清液中的黄曲霉毒素达到0.244ng/mL。     

Effect of extraction parameters on the carotenoid recovery from tomato waste

Tomato waste is an important source of natural carotenoids. This study was carried out to assess the extractability of tomato waste carotenoids in different organic solvents and to optimise the extraction parameters (type of solvent, extraction time, temperature and extraction steps) for maximum yield. Among other solvents, we tested a new environmentally friendly one, ethyl lactate, which gave the highest carotenoid yield (243.00 mg kg^?1 dry tomato waste) at 70 °C, compared to acetone (51.90 mg kg^?1), ethyl acetate (46.21 mg kg^?1), hexane (34.45 mg kg^?1) and ethanol (17.57 mg kg^?1). The carotenoid recovery was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the number of extraction steps and temperature in all solvents. Mathematic equations predicted rather satisfactorily (R² = 0.89–0.93) the rate of carotenoid extraction in the above‐mentioned solvents. Carotenoid concentration increased with time, approaching a quasi‐saturated condition at approximately 30 min of extraction.