Extraction Conditions and Moisture Content of Canola Flakes as Related to Lipid Composition of Supercritical CO2 Extracts

Canola flakes obtained before and after conventional cooking were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at 35–75°C and 20.7–62.0 MPa. Moisture content was adjusted to 12.7–42.5% (w/w, moisture-and oil-free basis). Moisture content of residual flakes after extraction was monitored. Amount of extract recovered increased with increasing temperature and pressure, except at 20.7 MPa pressure it decreased with temperature indicating a crossover of the solubility isotherms. Some water was co-extracted with canola oil. Free fatty acid (FFA) concentration of the extracts increased with decreasing pressure due to a decrease in triglyceride (TG) solubility. Oleic and linolenic acids had highest concentrations in the FFA fractions of all extracts. The lowest TG content of extracts was attained at 20.7 MPa and 75°C. The effect of extraction conditions was more pronounced than seed pre-treatments on yield and composition of SC-CO₂ extracts.     

酶催化桑蚕蛹油酯交换制备中长链脂肪酸甘油酯

以桑蚕蛹油为底物,通过酶法催化其与三辛酸甘油酯进行酯交换反应,制备富含α-亚麻酸的中长链脂肪酸甘油三酯(MLCTs)。通过单因素实验考察了酶种类、底物质量比、反应温度、加酶量以及反应时间对酯交换反应的影响,对酯交换条件进行了优化。结果表明,最佳反应条件为：采用Lipozyme TL IM脂肪酶,三辛酸甘油三酯与桑蚕蛹油质量比1∶ 4,加酶量为底物质量的8%,反应温度45 ℃,反应时间10 h。在最佳反应条件下,酯交换反应的转化率为98.42%,酯交换产物中中长链脂肪酸甘油三酯含量为98.73%,辛酸含量为20.00%,α-亚麻酸含量为30.09%。     

Characterization of triglycerides isolated from jojoba oil

Triglyceride compounds isolated from jojoba seed oil by column chromatography were composed predominantly of C_18′ C_20′ C_22′ and C₂₄ n−9 fatty acids with minor amounts of saturated C₁₆. Chain length and double-bond positions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the corresponding methyl ester and picolinyl ester derivatives. Triglyceride structures were analyzed directly by ion trap mass spectrometry. The analysis of minor compounds, can provide highly specific information about the identity of an oil.     

Feeding Tomatoes to Hamsters Reduces their Plasma Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglycerides

Hamsters were fed semipurified diets containing green or red freeze‐dried tomato powders. Compared to the control diet devoid of tomatoes, a 59% and 44% reduction low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was induced by both the green and red tomatoes, respectively. The corresponding reductions in very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDL) were 45% and 35% and in plasma triglyceride concentrations 47% and 31%, respectively. Plasma levels of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) were unaffected. Fecal deoxycholic and lithocholic acid concentrations of hamsters on tomato diets were higher than those on control diets. Possible contributions of major components of green and red tomatoes to these beneficial effects are discussed.     

Transesterification of rapeseed oil in the presence of basic zeolites and related solid catalysts

The transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol was performed by reflux of methanol over cesium-exchanged NaX faujasites, mixed magnesium-aluminum oxides, magnesium oxide, and barium hydroxide for different methanol-to-oil ratios. Over cesium-exchanged NaX faujasites and mixed magnesium-aluminum oxides, a long reaction time and a high methanol-to-oil ratio are required to achieve both high oil conversion and high yields in methyl esters. However, over a 300 m²/g magnesium oxide, methanol-to-oil ratios and reaction times are significantly reduced to obtain both high oil conversion and high yield in the methyl esters, particularly when the hydroxide precursor is calcined at 823 K. Finally, preliminary results with other basic solids such as barium hydroxide have shown a very high activity and a very high yield in esters. This catalyst is particularly effective since, for a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6, at reflux of methanol and after a reaction time of only 1 h, the oil conversion is about 80% with a nearly quantitative ester molar fraction. Part of this work was presented at the 91st AOCS Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, April 2000.     

Adiponectin Deficiency Alters Placenta Function but Does Not Affect Fetal Growth in Mice

Adiponectin administration to pregnant mice decreases nutrient transport and fetal growth. An adiponectin deficiency, on the other hand, as seen in obese women during pregnancy, alters fetal growth; however, the mechanism is unclear. To determine the role of adiponectin on placenta function and fetal growth, we used adiponectin knockout, adiponectin heterozygote that displays reduced adiponectin levels, and wild-type mice on a control diet or high fat/high sucrose (HF/HS) diet. Triglycerides (TGs) in the serum, liver, and placenta were measured using colorimetric assays. Gene expression was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Adiponectin levels did not affect fetal weight, but it reduced adiponectin levels, increased fetal serum and placenta TG content. Wildtype dams on a HF/HS diet protected the fetuses from fatty acid overload as judged by increased liver TGs in dams and normal serum and liver TG levels in fetuses, while low adiponectin was associated with increased fetal liver TGs. Low maternal adiponectin increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport; Lpl and Cd36 in the placenta. Adiponectin deficiency does not affect fetal growth but induces placental dysfunction and increases fetal TG load, which is enhanced with obesity. This could lead to imprinting effects on the fetus and the development of metabolic dysfunction in the offspring.     

中链甘油三脂和共轭亚油酸复配食用油对大鼠脂肪囤积及认知功能的影响

为了研究中链甘油三脂和共轭亚油酸复配食用油对大鼠脂肪囤积及认知功能的影响,将SD大鼠随机分为对照（蒸馏水）、猪油、健康油脂和复配油脂组,灌胃大鼠4周,记录大鼠体重、摄食和饮水量;进行水迷宫测试;测定Lee’s指数、肾周、腹部、附睾和心外膜脂肪重量,以及血糖、肝功、血脂代谢、瘦素、TNF-α的水平;观察小肠和肝小叶组织结构变化。与对照组相比,猪油组大鼠肾周脂肪、附睾脂肪、心外膜脂肪重量、TNF-α和谷丙转氨酶显著升高;与猪油组相比,健康油脂组、复配组不同剂量大鼠空腹血糖值、谷丙转氨酶、TNF-α、肾周脂肪、附睾脂肪和心外膜脂肪重量显著降低;与对照和猪油组相比,复配油脂低剂量组的甘油三酯明显降低。复配油脂在控制甘油三酯水平和炎性反应上有一定优势。