Evolution of Taste Compounds of Dezhou‐Braised Chicken During Cooking Evaluated by Chemical Analysis and an Electronic Tongue System

This paper aimed to study the time course changes in taste compounds of Dezhou‐braised chicken during the entire cooking process mainly consisting of deep‐frying, high‐temperature boiling, and low‐temperature braising steps. For this purpose, meat samples at different processing stages were analyzed for 5′‐nucleotides and free amino acids, and were also subjected to electronic tongue measurements. Results showed that IMP, Glu, Lys, and sodium chloride were the main compounds contributing to the taste attributes of the final product. IMP and Glu increased in the boiling step and remained unchanged in the following braising steps. Meanwhile, decrease in Lys content and increase in sodium chloride content were observed over time in both boiling and braising steps. Intensities for bitterness, saltiness, and Aftertaste‐B obtained from the electronic tongue analysis were correlated with the concentrations of these above chemical compounds. Therefore, the electronic tongue system could be applied to evaluate the taste development of Dezhou‐braised chicken during processing.     

A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors,eating behaviors,and health

Food preferences and dietary habits are heavily influenced by taste perception. There is growing interest in characterizing taste preferences based on genetic variation. Genetic differences in the ability to perceive key tastes may impact eating behavior and nutritional intake. Therefore, increased understanding of taste biology and genetics may lead to new personalized strategies, which may prevent or influence the trajectory of chronic disease risk. Recent advances show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD36 fat taste receptor are linked to differences in fat perception, fat preference, and chronic-disease biomarkers. Genetic variation in the sweet taste receptor T1R2 has been shown to alter sweet taste preferences, eating behaviors, and risk of dental caries. Polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor T2R38 have been shown to influence taste for brassica vegetables. Individuals that intensely taste the bitterness of brassica vegetables (“supertasters”) may avoid vegetable consumption and compensate by increasing their consumption of sweet and fatty foods, which may increase risk for chronic disease. Emerging evidence also suggests that the role of genetics in taste perception may be more impactful in children due to the lack of cultural influence compared to adults. This review examines the current knowledge of SNPs in taste receptors associated with fat, sweet, bitter, umami, and salt taste modalities and their contributions to food preferences, and chronic disease. Overall, these SNPs demonstrate the potential to influence food preferences and consequently health.     

Evaluation of non-volatile taste components in commercial soy sauces

The dominating non-volatile taste compounds in commercial brewed soy sauces were determined by HPLC and evaluated on the contributions to overall taste. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid accounted for 8.77 to 147.98 mg/mL in ten commercial soy sauces samples. Lactic acid (ranging from 0.83 to 13.19 mg/mL) and pyroglutamic acid (ranging from 0 to 12.80 mg/mL) were the dominant organic acids, contributing to the acidity and ensuring a balance in taste of soy sauces. 5?-Inosine monophosphate was the most abundant nucleotide, followed by 5?-guanosine monophosphate, and they accounted for 0.30 to 3.54 mg/mL in ten soy sauces. According to the determination of non-volatile taste compounds in soy sauce samples, taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) of different soy sauces were calculated and compared. An exclusive cluster analysis based on TAV was proposed to classify the commercial soy sauces. The EUC value of new class A is much higher than other classes.     

南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）与脊尾白虾（Exopalaemon carinicauda）营养学特征分析及鲜味评价

为科学评价南极磷虾这一新兴资源,同时为小型虾的高值化加工利用提供参考,选取体型上相近的南极磷虾与脊尾白虾作为研究对象,通过测定基本营养成分、氨基酸组成和脂肪酸组成分析2种虾的营养学特征,通过测定游离氨基酸与呈味核苷酸,进而计算滋味活性值与味精当量（equivalent umami concentration,EUC）评价其鲜度。结果表明,南极磷虾和脊尾白虾的粗蛋白质量分数具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,分别为13.25%和16.41%,粗脂肪质量分数同样差异显著（P＜0.05）,分别为3.12%和1.10%。2种虾的脂肪酸组成有明显不同,南极磷虾的不饱和脂肪酸含量相对更高。南极磷虾的水解氨基酸总量低于脊尾白虾（P＜0.05）,但必需氨基酸所占比例更高,更加符合FAO/WHO推荐的蛋白质营养的理想模式。南极磷虾和脊尾白虾均是次黄嘌呤核苷酸和游离谷氨酸对鲜味起主要贡献作用,其EUC分别为11.01gMSG/100g和12.98gMSG/100g。南极磷虾与脊尾白虾都具有较高的营养价值,且具备理想的鲜味特征,在普通食品、调味品开发方面具有广阔的市场前景。     

琥珀酸二钠与谷氨酸钠相互作用及喜好度分析

采用成对比较检验,测定0.300?g/100?mL谷氨酸钠和不同质量浓度琥珀酸二钠（0.010、0.020、0.030、0.050?g/100?mL及0.100?g/100?mL）复合溶液的相对谷氨酸钠质量浓度,并采用9?点标度法对其喜好性进行分析。研究表明,随着琥珀酸二钠添加量的提高,复合溶液的整体鲜味强度先大幅增加而后降低,在谷氨酸钠与琥珀酸二钠添加比例为6∶1时达到峰值;同时随着琥珀酸二钠添加量的增加,复合溶液的喜好度先略有上升后急剧下降,在谷氨酸钠与琥珀酸二钠添加比例为15∶1时达到峰值。综合以上指标,谷氨酸钠与琥珀酸二钠在实际应用中的添加比例不宜超过10∶1。本实验结果表明琥珀酸二钠与谷氨酸钠的相互作用关系,为琥珀酸二钠的实际应用提供理论参考。     

鲜味物质及其在水产调味品中的应用

阐述了氨基酸和核苷酸等一些鲜味物质的结构，产生鲜味的机理，列举了部分天然食品中鲜味物质的含量，介绍鲜味物质的呈味特性，生产现状及其应用情况。阐述了氨基酸和核苷酸之间的显著的相乘作用。详细的介绍了水产品中鲜味物质的研究，包括水产品中鲜味物质的种类，水产品中的味与鲜味的关系，鉴定水产品中特征风味成分的方法，为水产品鲜味调味品的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

酵母抽提物鲜味(umami)及浓厚味(kokumi)滋味活性的评价与研究

酵母抽提物(YE)是一种极佳的风味增强食品,具有极强的鲜味(umami)增强和浓厚味(kokumi)效果。对三种酵母抽提物(高纯YE,高I+G YE,普通YE)的umami及kokumi滋味进行了评价和描述。通过超滤、凝胶层析对YE滋味组分进行了分离,初步得出分子质量处于200~1 000u的肽类,本身具有苦味及强烈刺舌滋味,对MSG-NaCl、I+G+NaCl、鸡汤-NaCl模型溶液具有増鲜,增加复杂口感及持续的满口感的kokumi效果。随后对三种YE的粗分质子量分布、肽分布、核苷酸含量、GSH含量进行了测定。结果得出,YE中1 000u分子量寡肽含量较高(约70%),为其主要滋味物质,相对而言,YE中呈味核苷酸含量较低(3.530mg/g),而不能与其中的kukumi活性物质起到协同效果。通过YE对MSG-NaCl、I+G+NaCl模型溶液的反馈感官鉴评实验,得出YE浓度分别达到0.25g/L、0.05g/L时开始体现出増鲜效果,而在两种模型溶液中YE分别达到2.5g/L,5g/L浓度时达到最大増鲜效果,超过这一浓度时,溶液开始呈现一定的苦味,鲜味也不再增强。此外,对于I+G+NaCl模型溶液,YE对其鲜味提升更为明显,增鲜阈值也较低。     

食用菌鲜味味觉定性定量方法的电子舌研究

为了实现食用菌鲜味味觉指标的快速定性和量化分析,比较区分不同的食用菌,本研究选用5种不同的食用菌,利用法国Alpha M.O.S公司生产的电位型味觉分析系统,从鲜味味觉指标对样品进行评价,并结合感官评价以食用菌中主要鲜味物质对食用菌的鲜味强度进行评价,验证仪器测试和感官评价的一致性。结果表明,电子舌能够很好的对不同种类的食用菌进行识别区分,区分指数为99;此外,对电子舌鲜味强度的响应值和感官鲜味评分值建立了偏最小二乘回归分析,表明电子舌鲜味响应值和感官鲜味评分值具有很好的相关性(相关系数为0.94),证明电子舌在一定程度上能够预测食用菌感官评分值。电子舌作为一种新型的现代检测技术在食用菌鲜味品质定性定量检测与分析方面具有巨大的应用潜力。     

通电加热过程中凡纳滨对虾虾肉糜的游离氨基酸和核苷酸含量变化研究

为研究通电加热过程中不同加热温度(40、55、65、75、85和95℃)对凡纳滨对虾虾肉糜中主要非挥发性滋味成分的影响,采用氨基酸自动分析仪和高效液相色谱仪分别检测了虾肉糜中的游离氨基酸和核苷酸及其关联产物含量,并采用味道强度值(TAV)确定其中主要的呈味物质及贡献程度,最后通过味精当量(EUC)分析鲜味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸之间的协同作用,并对其鲜味进行评价。结果表明,与鲜虾相比,通电热处理的虾肉糜中游离氨基酸总量均有不同程度的减少。随着温度的升高,鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸的含量均呈现先减少后增加的趋势,且在65℃达到最小值(鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸的总TAV值分别为0.86、4.40、4.46)。通电加热并不影响ATP的降解途径只是会改变核苷酸及其关联产物的相对含量,尤其是促进Ado的产生。甘氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、AMP和IMP在不同加热温度下其TAV几乎都大于1,是虾肉糜滋味的主要贡献者。味精当量以谷氨酸钠质量计,40℃最能促进虾肉糜鲜味的产生(EUC值为5.54 g MSG/100 g),在85℃处虾肉糜风味损失最小(EUC值为4.02 g MSG/100 g)。     

10 种食用菌对高汤风味品质的影响

为选取一种优质食用菌,与鸡肉共同熬制所得高汤中滋味物质含量较高,营养价值丰富,味道鲜美。选取市售10?种常见食用菌,分别为香菇、金针菇、杏鲍菇、茶树菇、口蘑、秀珍菇、海鲜菇、蟹味菇、榛蘑和花菇,与优质三黄鸡熬制得到高汤。通过检测高汤中游离氨基酸、核苷酸、可溶性固形物含量,计算等效鲜味浓度值,结合感官评价,将评价指标按一定比例进行加权,最终结果表明,花菇得分最高,为247.68 分,是一种优质食用菌,与鸡肉熬得的高汤味道鲜美,营养物质丰富。